Grammar
Exercises
1. Blank-filling
Fleeing Katrina To map the mass exodus from the Gulf Coast, Podunk analyzed more than 40,000 messages 1) posted on the Internet by survivors of the storm. ―Family is safe! House is lost! Kids 2) are in Indiana with grandparents.‖
We looked at Web ―safe lists‖, 3) including those maintained by CNN, craig‘s list and MSNBC, and 4) recorded data from every message in which the poster 5) included his hometown and a city and state where he 6) had found refuge. An advantage of compiling data this way, rather than through official reports from agencies such as FEMA, is that these reports 7) included not only people who 8) were in shelters, but also those who were able to leave on their own, before and after the hurricane.
In our analysis, people 9) reported 10) moving to 724 cities in 46 states. Many 11) expressed an intention 12) to move on from their temporary quarters, so the map would likely 13) change with time.
Our sample, while sizeable, is not a complete picture, nor is it intended 14) to reflect the numbers of people 15) moving to a city. Houston, for example, 16) experienced a much greater influx than Seattle.
However, the map 17) does provide a graphic representation of the nationwide impact of such a huge migration. Indeed, repercussions 18) will be felt beyond national borders. Eventual destinations 19) mentioned in postings 20) included Canada, Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala and the UK.
2. Proofreading
LONG BEACH, Miss. —Last Wednesday, police and the US Marshals Service swept into a Red Cross shelter for hurricane refugees here. They blocked the parking lot and exits and demandedidentification from about 60 people who looked Hispanic, including some pulled out of the shower and bathroom, according to witnesses. The shelter residents were told to leave within two days or else they would be deported.
―They asked me where ∧wanted to go: to Houston, Atlanta or 1) I back to Mexico,‖ said Jose Luis Rivera, 39 years old and an
undocument construction worker from Veracruz, Mexico. Mr. 2) undocumented Rivera said ∧had been sleeping in a tent outside the large shelter 3) he building since Hurricane Katrina stricken just over a month ago, 4) struck flooded his second-story apartment in nearby Pass Christian and 5) flooding destroying all his belongings, which including a pickup truck. 6) included ―I lost everything in the storm. But they said ∧didn‘t care. They 7) they told us that if ∧didn‘t leave they would return on Friday with 8) we buses took us away,‖ he said. 9) to take Were fearful they would be forced to leave the country, Mr. 10) /Were Rivera and most of the other Hispanic men left the Red Cross shelter the next morning.
Rhetoric
Exercises
1． Figures of Speech
1) In the following sentence, ―whores‖ realizes a metaphor, whose tenor is ―news professionals‖.
It‘s impossible to tell why it was that so many TV news professionals, even the infamous media whores of cable news, caught the fever.
2) In the following sentence, ―buried‖ compares Wil Haygood‘s article to something valuable and the Washington Post to earth.
Wil Haygood in the Washington Post struck a similar tone (albeit buried on page A33).
3) In the following sentence, the poor black people are compared to ―underbelly‖, which, in turn,
compares society to a human being. The majority of people left in New Orleans are black, they are poor, they are the underbelly of society.
4) In ―These people are being forced to live like animals‖ we find a simile. 5) In the following sentence, ―play it down and pray it up‖ realizes a phonetic figure of speech
called alliteration. Neil Cavuto brought in Rick Warren, author of The Purpose-driven Life, to advise those who‘d lost everything to ―play it down and pray it up.‖ 2． Passive Rhetoric
Tell what principle of diction is followed in the first sentence in each pair as compared with the second:
1) a. Their nickels and dimes and dollar bills simply didn‘t add up to stage a quick evacuation
mission.
b. Their money was simply not enough to enable them to evacuate quickly. (vividness)
2) a. You‘ve spoken very eloquently around the world about growing up as an
African-American in the South. (―You‖ refers to the US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice)
b. You‘ve babbled damn eloquently around the world about growing up as an American nigger in the South. (appropriateness)
3) a. People are now beginning to voice what we‘ve all been seeing with our own eyes.
b. People are at the present moment in the initial stage of giving expression to what we have all been perceiving with our own faculty of sight. (economy)
4) a. But for once, the rest of the media did not follow them into the sewer and instead gave
their faux-news phonies a chance to see how real journalists do the job.
b. But for once, the rest of the media did not follow them into the sewer and instead gave their faux-news phonies a chance to see how realistic journalists do the job. (exactness)
5) a. Is that fair, to blame the victims, many of whom tell us they had no way out, they had no
cars of their own, and that public assistance wasn‘t provided to get them out of the city?
b. Is that fair, to blame the victims, many of whom tell us that it was impossible for them to get out of the city? (relevant accuracy)
UNIT 4
Part 1 Text-processing
Teacher-aided Work
Lead-in
Listen to the recorder and take notes. Then fill in each gap in the following passage with ONE word according to what you have heard. Finish your work within ten minutes.
Tape script:
Mohamed ElBaradei was born in Egypt in 1942 and began to work for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984. He became the chief secretary since 1997.
A lifelong diplomat and one of just a few individuals from the Arab world active at the top levels of the world of international relations, ElBaradei was active in trying to resolve conflicts at several of the world‘s major flashpoints, all of them involving new nuclear threats. The IAEA, an intergovernmental organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN), conducts inspections and negotiates with governments in an attempt to stop the spread of nuclear weaponry and to insure that nuclear materials are used exclusively for peaceful purposes. In 2005 he and his Agency were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their contributions to the maintenance of world peace. ElBaradei‘s activities brought him into conflict with the United States in the twin trouble spots of Iraq and Iran, but the Nobel Prize and his subsequent reappointment signaled a strong vote of confidence from the international community.
The Nobel Prizes are international prizes set up according to the will of the Swedish-born inventor and international industrialist Alfred Nobel, which was opened after his death in 1896. These prizes have been awarded yearly since 1901 for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and for peace. The Prize Winners are announced in October every year. They receive awards on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel‘s death.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2005 was to be shared, in two equal parts, between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way. And on December 10, 2005, the Committee awarded them Nobel Peace Prize Certificates, gold medals and 10 million Krona (about $1.3million). This is the lecture given by Mohamed ElBaradei at the award ceremony.
Passage for gap-filling:
Mohamed ElBaradei was born in 1) Egypt in 1942 and began to work for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984. The year 1997 saw his appointment as the chief secretary of IAEA. In 2005 he and his Agency were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their 2) contributions to the maintenance of world peace. It was divided into two 3) equal parts, one for Mohamed ElBaradei and the other for the IAEA that he led, for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from 4) military use and to ensure its peaceful use in the safest way possible. The Nobel Prizes are international prizes set up in accordance with the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor and industrialist. These prizes have been awarded every year since 1901. The 5) announcement of the Prize Winners is made in October, and the award ceremony is held on
December 10, the anniversary of Nobel‘s death.
In-depth Comprehension 1. Questions
1) Para 3：Does ―children left behind‖ imply that the parents of the children will come and take
them back home? Why?
No. They are children who have lost their parents, because they live in orphanages, institutions for taking care of orphans.
2) Para 7: What does ―not caught up with‖ suggest about ―our security strategies‖ and ―the risks
we are facing‖?
―Catch up with‖ means ―travel fast enough to overtake an advance party‖. Here it suggests that the risks we are facing are changing rapidly, and that our security strategies are not changing fast enough to deal effectively with them.
3) Para 7: What are the new characteristics of the risks? How did they acquire these
characteristics?
These risks are no longer restricted and kept in a limited area. They spread all over the world. They spread as goods, ideas and people move from one part of the world to another as a result of globalization.
4) Para 9: What are traditional notions of national security? How are these notions carried out?
Traditional notions of national security are that threat to one country comes from another and that countries must guard against each other. These notions are carried out by building more walls, developing bigger weapons, or dispatching more troops.
5) Para 10: How do you decide that the word ―distinct‖ means ―distinguishable as a separate
thing‖ rather than, for example, ―clear‖ (清晰的), or ―obvious‖ (明显的)?
First, the word has the meaning of ―distinguishable as a separate thing‖ or ―individual‖; then the next sentence ―when we scratch the surface, we find them closely connected and interrelated‖ actually repeats what this sentence means. By comparing them, we can find that ―distinct‖ is the opposite of ―interrelated‖. So we can make the right decision about its meaning here.
6) Para 13: Do you agree to Note 16, which says that ―compound‖ actually means ―combine‖
rather than, for example, ―settle amicably‖ (互让解决) or ―augment‖ (加剧), which are also meanings of ―compound‖?
I agree to the note, first because the word may mean ―combine‖, and secondly ―this combination‖ in the next sentence, which sums up what is said in this sentence, means the combination of the plight of the poor with human rights abuses, a lack of good governance, and a deep sense of injustice.
7) Para 14: What does ―their power‖ refer to, to the power of the governments of the countries to
rule over their citizens, or to the ability of the countries to defend themselves against other countries? How do you know?
It refers to the latter, because ―countries continue to look for ways to offset their insecurities or project their ?power‘‖ implies that they still have traditional notions of national security, that is, they think their insecurity comes from outside. So they project their power to defend themselves against other countries.
8) Para 17: What does ―the bridges between North and South, the rich and the poor‖ refer to?
What is the essence of these bridges? How do you know?
It refers to good relations between the developed countries and the developing countries. The essence of the bridges is the former‘s obligation to aid the latter. I draw this conclusion from the next paragraph, which, meaning that development aid from the former to the latter is far from enough, is an example of ―our having yet to build the bridges between North and South, the rich and the poor,‖ in other words, an example of ―our not having built such bridges yet.‖
9) Para 19: What is the grammatical function of ―hungry‖ in ―no one in this world would go to
bed hungry‖? Can you give other examples?
―Hungry‖ here is the subject compliment, which makes up part of the double predicate (双重谓语) ―would go to bed hungry‖. Other examples include ―he came back a changed man‖, ―snow lies white on the vast plain‖, etc.
10) Para 21: Does ―life‖ mean the process of living (生活) or to the quality that distinguishes a
living creature to a dead body (生命)? How do you know?
It means the latter, because what follows in this paragraph is about how people were killed or lost their lives, not about how they lived. Moreover, the translation of ―the sanctity and value of human life‖ into ―人类生活的神圣和价值‖ would be incomprehensible.
11) Para 22: What is the speaker‘s answer to this question? How do you know? Is he defending or
criticizing the people he refers to as ―we‖? Who are ―we‖?
His answer is ―yes‖, because the preceding paragraphs are in fact about how ―our priorities are skewed, and our approaches uneven.‖ He is criticizing the people he refers to as ―we‖. These people are all mankind, especially people in the developed countries.
12) Para 26: What do ―some‖ and ―all‖ refer to? To some people and all people, or to some
respects and all respects, or to still other things? Can you point out more concretely what they are?
They refer respectively to ―some people‖ and ―all people‖. More concretely, ―some‖ refers to people in developing countries, and ―all‖ to mankind, including people in developed countries.
13) Para 28: What does the speaker mean by ―nuclear weapons should have no place in our
collective conscience‖?
It means that if, we have a sense of right and wrong, we should never think that the possession of nuclear weapons is justifiable.
14) Para 35: Does ―make these operations multinational‖ mean ―open the secret technology used
in these operations to the international community‖? If not, what does it mean?
No. It means ―cause these operations to be performed by more than two countries‖ so as to prevent them from being controlled by a single country.
15) Para 35: Does ―enrichment‖ mean ―making people wealthier‖? How do you know?
No. Since ―fuel production, waste disposal and reprocessing‖ refer to operations related to nuclear material, ―enrichment‖ must also be such an operation, and if we observe the order of the latter three, we can conclude that ―enrichment‖ must be a preparatory operation before the production of nuclear fuel.
16) Para 35: How do you know what ―fuel cycle‖ refers to? And how, according to the speaker, is
it to be completed?
―Fuel cycle‖ refers to the four operations of enrichment of material, fuel production,