第十一讲: 动词的-ing形式
【知识梳理】
1. 定义; 动词的-ing可用作现在分词,也可用作动名词,现在统称为动词的-ing形式。
2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式:
一般式: doing(主动),being done(被动);
完成式:having done(主动式),having been done(被动式)。如:
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生,他对书本很感兴趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格。
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。
注意:在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如:
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 3. -ing分词的语法作用:
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-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
1)–ing分词(短语)作主语:
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 在下面两种结构中,-ing分词也作主语。
①为了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主语,而把真实主语放在句末。如:
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。
②在There is no结构中,通常用-ing分词。如:
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
2) -ing分词(短语)作表语:
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 3) -ing分词作宾语: ①–ing分词作动词宾语。如:
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I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。 4) -ing分词作定语:
①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如: reading room 阅览室;a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 ②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面,也相当于一个定语从句。如:
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁?
③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.歌词一般讲当前的工作,大部分是他自己写的。 5) -ing分词做状语:
-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书,一边不时地点头。
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址,我不能把这本书送给他。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了,
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留给他许多钱。
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时,观察着天上的星星。
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。 6) -ing分词作补语:如:
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。 Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。 难点释疑
1. –ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别:
在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词;在表示具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。如: Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸烟)这里禁止吸烟。 It’s not good for you to smoke so much. (指你吸烟)吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。 2. -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义:
Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。
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The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 3. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别:
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后,用-ing分词时,表示动作正在进行;用不定式时,表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。如:
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗?
Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗?
4. 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语,后接-ing分词或名词。如: admit to(承认), contribute to(捐助、贡献), get down to(着手做), give way to(让位于),keep to (坚
持、遵守), lead to (导致),look forward to(期待), take to(从事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、坚持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、处
理), be used to (习惯于), devote oneself to (献身于), be equal to (胜任的、等于), be familiar to (为??熟悉). 高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语,如generally speaking(一般来说), judging from?(根据??来判断), considering?(考虑到??), talking of?(谈到??,提到??), supposing?(假如??)等,它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语,也可当作一个插入语。如:
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