3． Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学
1．托马斯·佩因《常识》 Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”; 托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”
2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiringAmericans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.
3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies fromoverseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.
4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。 5．文学上独立的代表作： 1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》
Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by Bartram
一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.协助杰弗逊起草独立宣言和美国宪法aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”and Constitution.
1．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as anauthor he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic. 2．教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography” 二、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）
1．被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer. 是政治讽刺的天才a political satirist of genius.
2．《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizen’s army。. 3．教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”. 三、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）
1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have
influenced his countryman more deeply andremained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics?..
2．尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特权a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise.
3．教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。
四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，
但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist of the British and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.
2．他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion ofAmerican popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction. 3．作品：《野忍冬花》：“The Wild Honey Suckle” 《印第安人的坟地》：“The Indian Burying Ground” 《致凯提·迪德》：“To a Caty-Did”
Part Ⅲ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学
1. 1828年安德鲁·杰克逊当选7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束” the frontier hero AndrewJackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年开始Civil War. 2. 美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡the United States hadbegun to change into an
industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.
3. 这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双理影响The attitudes ofAmerica’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.
4. 浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.
6．超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
7．美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels, short