I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（三）主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。 e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill. (It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance. 2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so. ---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believe not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、连词that的省略：
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。 ②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。 ③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。 2、不定式符号to的省略 ①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。 e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree. ③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。 e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）
4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分） 5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
四、插入语
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。
（一）插入语的类型：
1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。 e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。 I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语
e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours. By the way, where are you from? 3、句子
e.g. He is an honest man, I believe. Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
（二）插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。 e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。 What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？ 31
（三）插入语在句中的作用
一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。 e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
（四）插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。 e.g. How long did you say she would stay here? When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was
（五）插入语的几种典型用法
1.许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking（严格地说），generally considering（一般认为）， judging from……（根据……判断）等。
2.常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），however（然而），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckily （happily） for sb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），strangely（奇怪），briefly（简单地说）等。
3.常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion（总之），in a word（简而言之），in short（简而言之），in general（一般说来），in a sense（在某种意义上），in my view（在我看来），in his opinion（按照他的看法），in fact（事实上），at first（首先）， in addition（此外），of course（当然），to my surprise（使我惊奇的），to her regret（使她遗憾的），for example（例如）等。
4.用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure（我可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），do you know（你知道吗），you see（你明白），I’m afraid（恐怕），it is said（据说），I suppose（我想），what’s more（而且），what’s worse（更糟糕的是），that is（也就是说），what is important（重要的是）等。 常用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be sure（无疑地），to sum up（概括地说），to tell the truth（老实说）等。 5.常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有： funny（真可笑），needless to say（不用说），most important of all（最为重要），worse still（更糟糕的），even better（更好）等。
练习二、省略和插入语
1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____. A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have 2. ---- I won’t do it any more. ---- ____? A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do 3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____. A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so 4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____. A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to 5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something. A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is 6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president. A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were 7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again. A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When 8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home. A. Should B. Would C. When D. If
32
9. I like sports and ____ my brother. A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes 10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri. A. was B. He was C. who is D. although 11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? ---- No, and I ____. A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t 12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____. A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going
13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（标准） — ____, you failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time 14. How long ____ she would stay here? A. did she say B. she said C. did D. / 15. ____ could do such thing? A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who
练习三、综合训练
1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____? A. this B. he C. it D. the one 2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker. A. The sky is B. It’s C. Weather is D. Time is 3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here. A. that B. when C. after D. who 4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth. A. why B. which C. so D. that 5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died? A. where B. that C. which D. in which 6. ____ is no difference between A and B. A. It B. Where C. There D. What 7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago. A. was B. were C. are D. had been
8. He said, ― ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go yet before we arrive.‖ A. It is, It is B. There is, There is C. There is, It is D. It is, There is 9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly ____. A. supposing B. suppose C. to suppose D. supposed 11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It
12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. A. that B. until C. before D. when 13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began. A. while B. which C. that D. since 14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____. A. Yes, sit down please not C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it
15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. ____. A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to 16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____. 33
B. No, of course
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed. A. when we knew B. that did we knew C. that we knew D. that did we know 18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here. A. I will shop B. will I shop C. I do shop D. shop I 19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him. A. It B. What C. So D. Such 20. ____, he would have passed the exam. A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard 21. ---- David has made great progress recently. ---- ____, and ____.
A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have 22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street. A. did they hear the news than B. did they hear the news when C. had they heard the news than D. had they heard the news when 23. He was unable to make such progress, ____. A. hard as he tried B. as hard he tried C. hard he has tried D. tried hard as he 高考链接
1. It ____ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ____I found we had a lot in common. （2007年浙江卷） A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until; that
2. I don't mind her criticizing me, but ____ is how she does it that I object to. (2007年江西卷) A. it B. that C. this D. which
3. It is not who is right but what is right ____ is of importance. (2007年重庆卷)
A. which B. it C. that D. this
4.. The doctor thought ___________would be good for you to have a holiday. A. this B. that C. one D. it
5. The fact that she was foreign made _____difficult for her to get a job in that country A. so B. much C. that D. it
语法复习六：状语从句
由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. He started as soon as he received the news. Once you see him, you will never forget him. No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. （二）原因状语从句 原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. As it is raining, I will not go out. Now that you mention it, I do remember.
（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。 e.g. Sit wherever you like. Make a mark where you have a question.
（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. 34
（五）结果状语从句
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. He left early in case he should miss the train.
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。 e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。 e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank. If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
（七）让步状语从句 让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.
（八）方式状语从句 方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。 e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you. He acted as if nothing had happened.
（九）比较状语从句 比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。 e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. The busier he is, the happier he feels.
（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题 1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。 e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。 e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. If (you are) asked you may come in. If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again. 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。 e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句） Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词） I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句） Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句） This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）
练习、状语从句
一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句： 1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.
2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be. 3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.
4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him. 5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.
6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 7. Where there is water, there is life.
8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates. 9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you. 10. Even if (though) I fail, I’ll never lose heart.
35