2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解
新增文章篇目
第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict
第六篇 Waving With Light
*第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses *第三十八篇 Longer Lives for Wild Elephants
+第四十五篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others +第四十六篇 Marvelous Metamaterials
注：
1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章； 2、2011年词汇部分与2010年教材相比未作任何变化。
第二篇
World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict
In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy
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＆Fuels．
Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting \oil\．\oil \the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or
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later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model. It assumes
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that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve. A related concept is
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that of \production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．
The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．
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However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing
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countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil． They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier
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than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.
词汇：
Conserve v． 保护，保存 crude oil原油
spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞 curve n．曲线
irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的 insufficient adj.充分的，不足的
注释：
1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。
2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M．King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。 3．a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线
4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。 5．account for：说明，解释
6．conventional crude oil：常规原油
7．oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。
练习：
1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word \appearing in paragraph 2? A．flashed B．stimulated C．changed D．ended
2．The term \oil production will
A．take the shape of a flat curve． B．keep growing． C．keep declining．
D．start to decline after global oil production peaks． 3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?
A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970． B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．
C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries． D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．
4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014． B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries． C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model． D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production． 5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model? A．American scientists． B．Kuwaiti scientists． C．British scientists．
D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．
答案与题解：
1．B spark一词做及物动词使用时有\发动\、\激发\的意思，在此意为stimulated，即\引发\，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对\石油峰值\预测的兴趣。 2．D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。
3．D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。
4．A选项8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。
5．B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。
世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 理C
科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会《能量与燃料》杂志上。
伊布赫姆·纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值后开始下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。
赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。
但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。
最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。
第六篇
Waving With Light
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In the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico, the native Huichol
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people live much the way their ancestors did--without electricity. That’s because
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it’s too expensive to string power lines to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves, the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity--at home or on the road, they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dark, they must stop whatever they’re doing.
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Now, a team of scientists, designers, and architects is using new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun sets．The scientists’ technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes, bags, or other items.
By collecting the sun’s energy during the day, these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at night．Their inventors have named the fabrics “Portable Lights.” Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world, says project leader Sheila Kennedy．
\invention,\Kennedy says, \from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new markets for people who didn't have a lot of money．\
At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness
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light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs．These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlights．
LEDs are completely different from the light bulbs．Most of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lights．Inside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2，200 degrees Celsius．At that temperature，bulbs give off light we can see．
Ninety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights, however, is heat——and invisible．With all that wasted energy, bulbs burn out quickly．They are also easily broken．
LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure．When an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces light．Unlike incandescent bulbs, they Can produce light of various colors．Within an LED, the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced．
词汇：
Portable adj．轻便的，手提式的
light—emitting diode(LED) 发光二极管 bulb n．灯泡；球状物 incandescent adj．白灼的 coil n．线圈，卷，圈