11 X and Y X, y, and z X, y, z, and w Apples and pears Apples, pears, and bananas Apples, pears, bananas, and peaches 在所列事务中最后一个前面必须加AND， 如果是2个从句，则两句话中间可以在AND前加逗号，也可以不加。If you join 2 clauses with and, you can put an optional comma before the and.（如果句子很长，且独立，则需要加逗号） I really like candy apples, and I eat them often.
She argues that the agency acts with reckless abandon andwith disregard for human lifeand property, andthat it should therefore be shut down.
四、 其他类型的平行结构指示词 X acts as y As x, so y Between x and y Compared to x, y Consider x y Distinguish x from y X is the same as y Estimate x to be y X instead of y X is known to be y X is less than y X is good, and so too is y X, such as y Think of x as y X is thought to be y View x as y Whether x or y In contract to x, y Make x y Declare x y X develops into y X differs from y
五、 表明的平行结构与真实的平行结构
Mistake x for y Not only x, but also y The comma is optional Regard x as y 虽然在表面上看是从平行结构的指示词中看出是平行结构，但是实际上，是从句12 子的句义中看出是不是平行结构的，也就是说虽然句子有平行结构的指示词，但实际上也许不是平行结构，所以一定要从句义着手判断。 Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.
本句的平行结构指示词是and, 平行的部分是分词skipping, leaving，这两个现代分词作applied的补充。
Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly and left late every night. 这是错误的句子，因为它把skip, arrive当作和applied 同等的词，其实并不是这样，他们是补充，所以必须要用现在分词。
六、 注意系動詞
To be Is Are Was Were Am Been Be being Other linking verbs appear Become Feel Grow Look Remain Represent Resemble Seem Smell Sound Stay Taste turn Linking verb也是平行结构的指示词
系动词平行的部分在含义上，在逻辑上都必须合理
Thenomination of this politician representsa step forward in urban-rural
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relations in this country.
Note that the verb to be does not have to be part of a linking verb phrase. The verb to be also forms the progressive tenses and the passive voice. Do not look for parallelism in these uses of be.
Problem set
1. The students did poorly on the testmorebecause they had not studied than because the material was difficult.
2. The experiences we have in childhood influenced our behavior in adulthood.
3. Although we were sitting in the bleachers, the baseball game was as exciting to us as to the people sitting behind home plate.
4. Voters want to elect a president who genuinely cares about health care, the environment, the travails of ordinary men and women, andwho has the experience, wisdom, and strength of character required for the job. 5. The consultant is looking for a caféthat has comfortable chairs andthat provides free internet access.
第五章 代词
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GMAT中经常考代词，代词和先行词必须都有，在数量上和逻辑上都必须合理。 The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.
注意在名词所有格的名词不能作为代词的先行词。（非常重要） Watch out for nouns used as adj, they cannot be antecedents of pronouns. The antecedent to which you want to refer must actually exist in the sentence as a noun.
一、 先行词和代词必须合理
逻辑上合理：Although the term ?supercomputer? may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second. 代词与其先行词必须检查是否合理。 二、 先行词与代词必须在数量上合理
Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution, the modern Hollywood studio is attempting various experiments in an effort to retain its status as the primary arbiter of movie consumption. 三、 五个比较容易错误的代词：it, its, they, them, their 凡看到句子中的上述五个单词，则必须找到其先行词，看其合理性。 Whenever a student calls, take down his or her information Whenever students call, take down their information. 四、 指示代词this, that, these, those 这些都是形容词，放在名词前面
15 New nano-papers incorporate fibers that give these materialsstrength. That,those 可以代表new copy
The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children. 从中可以看出，两个MONEY是不同的，不是同一个MONEY 与此相比，如果用it, they或其他个人代词，则指的是同一个事情： Themoney spent by her parents is more thanit was expected to be. That or those indicating a new copy or copies must be modified. Her company is outperformingthat of her competitor. Gmat认为that,those 与之前的先行词在数量上一致。 Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors. 不能用this, these来代替名词
Her products are unusual; many consider them unique. 五、 如果代词出现混乱、歧义怎么办？
理论上讲：任何句子中的代词都应该指代同一个名词，否则就会出现歧义和混乱。 e.g. Researchers claim to have developed new ?nano-papers?incorporating tiny cellulous fibers, which THEY allege give THEMthestrength of cast iron. (wrong)
Researchers claim to have developed new ?nano-papers?incorporating tiny cellulous fibers, which give these materials the strength of cast iron, according to the researchers.
如果出现一种情况，即：一个句子中出现only one pronoun but more than one possible antecedent?
Gmat有时会容许有?代词的歧义?现象出现。因为英语语法是容许的。