get是最普通的用语，可指通过任何方式的获得，多用于口语中。例如：
* She got the highest score in fancy rope jumping. 她在花样跳绳中得分最高。 gain多指在竞争中获得，所得的东西往往是有用的或是所期待的。例如：
* I hope you will gain the victory this time. 我希望你这次获得胜利。
obtain是书面语，指靠他人或自己努力而得到，强调结果或目的。例如：
* By this method, we obtained a good result. 我们用这种方法获得了好结果。 attain强调达到完美的地步。例如：
* Such a condition is very difficult to attain. 这样的情况是很难达到的。
11. (L. 16) minimal: adj. very small in size or amount; as small as possible 暴风雨只造成极轻微的损失。
(=The storm did only minimal damage.)
* The Ford CEO offered to work for a minimal salary of one dollar a year.
N.B.: 该词的动词为minimize。反义词为maximal。
12. (L. 21) cherish: vt. love (sth./sb.) very much and protect them
(=Riding horses with my mother when I was a kid has become a cherished memory.)
* She cherished the child as though he were her own.
Collocation:
cherish fond dreams of 做…的美梦 cherished desire 夙愿 cherish a deep love for 热爱…
13. (L. 21) fabricate: vt. make up (a story, a piece of information, etc.) in order to deceive people * Have you ever lied a little, or fabricated a story about yourself, to impress someone
you meet the first time?
她缺席的借口显然是瞎编的。
(=The excuse for her absence was obviously fabricated.)
14. (L. 22) tickle: v.
1) amuse and interest
* The comedian tickled the crowd with his jokes.
* It tickled her to think that her boss would dress up as a clown at the New Year party.
2) move one’s fingers on a sensitive part of another’s body in a way that makes them laugh
* She tickled the boy's feet and made him laugh. 婴儿喜欢轻轻呵痒和紧紧拥抱。
(=Babies like to be tickled and hugged.)
15. (L. 25) vital: adj. very important, necessary, or essential
(=This point is vital to my argument.)
* The leader’s vital and cheerful manner filled his men with courage.
Pattern:
be vital to … 对…极为重要
16. (L. 25) well off: rich, or having enough money to live well
* The Communist Party of China will lead the Chinese people in building a well-off society. 如果他年轻时多努力一点，现在就能过得舒服些。
(=If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.)
17. (L. 26) emotional: adj. connected with people’s feelings
(=His emotional language reduced many of the audience to tears.)
* Nature has programmed us all with both physical and emotional needs.
18. (L. 26) pursuit: n. the act of looking for or trying to find
我们为追求幸福生活而努力工作。 (=We work hard in pursuit of happy life.)
* He exercises every day in pursuit of health.
Collocation:
daily pursuits 日常事务 educational pursuit 教育事业 pursuit of profit 追逐利润 in one’s pursuit of happiness 追求幸福
19. (L. 26) out of place: feeling uncomfortable or not suitable in a particular situation
* Your jokes are out of place on such a solemn occasion. 在正式的舞会上，我感到局促不安，很不自在。
(=At the formal party I felt very awkward and out of place.)
20. (L. 34) in contrast to: when a contrast is made to * In contrast to her sister, she is very tall.
(=In contrast to his brother, he is always considerate of others.)
21. (L. 35) consequence: n. a result of sth. that has happened
* Jimmy experienced severe headache as a consequence of heavy drinking the night
before.
这样一种错误可能导致灾难性的后果。
(=Such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences.)
Collocation:
as a consequence 因而，结果 in consequence 因此，结果 in consequence of …的结果，因为…的缘故，由于 of consequence 有势力的，重要的
take the consequences 自食其果，承担责任
CF: effect, result & consequence
这三个词都是名词，都有“结果”之意。
effect表示由某种原因直接产生的某一结果或状况。
result表示某一事件的发生或某一行为所造成的结果，有“最终的结果”之意。
consequence表示由于逻辑推断得出的结果，或由于某种原因、一些必要的条件而造成的结
果。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. The dilemmas that parents find themselves in today is a _______ of changes in society. (=consequence)
2. I tried to persuade him, but with little or no ______. (=effect)
3. One of the ______ of this illness is that you lose your hair. (=effects) 4. It represents the ______ of ten years’ labor. (=result)
5. The high level of unemployment has produced harmful social ______. (=consequences)
22. (L. 36) commercial:
1. n. an advertisement on TV or radio
* TV commercials today are more imaginative than they were 20 years ago. 2. adj. relating to business
* He left the commercial world to become a government official.
商业函件
(=commercial correspondence)
23. (L. 39) focus: v. concentrate (one’s attention, etc.) on (sth.); concentrate (on sth.)
(=You should focus your attention on your work.)
* The only way to attain your goals is to stay focused and work hard.
24. (L. 41) affluent: adj. rich enough to buy things for pleasure
自然资源丰富的土地
(=land affluent in natural resources)
* In an affluent society people can afford to strike a balance between work and life.
CF: rich, wealthy & affluent
这三个词都是形容词，都有“丰富”、“富有”之意。
rich意为“有钱的”、“富有的”，其程度超过正常需要的，语气强烈；形容人时，指拥有大量
金钱、财产，其引申义为“富于…”。例如：
* The rich get richer while the poor get poorer. 富人更富，穷人更穷。
wealthy指人、家庭或国家富有、安康、富裕；语气较缓，程度可大可小。尤指拥有大量财
产、财富。例如：
* Some wealthy people are likely to be philanthropists. 有些富人往往是慈善家。
affluent意为“富裕的”、“富足的”，尤指家庭和社会，在这一点上相当于wealthy，是较正式
用语。例如：
* It’s our duty to build an affluent and civilized society in the new century. 在新世纪建设一个富裕文明的社会是我们的义务。
25. (L. 43) genuine: adj. real, true
他真心诚意地愿意帮助我们。 (=He has a genuine desire to help us.)
* It appears to be genuine, but I have my suspicions about it.
CF: real, true & genuine
这三个词都是形容词，都有“真的”、“真正的”之意。 real普通用语，指真实的或与事实相符的。
true强调客观事实与实际情况相符合，兼有real的含义。 genuine指真实性是有据可查的。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. It is _______ that the earth is round. (=true) 2. Is this a ______ Ming vase? (=genuine) 3. This is a story of ______ life. (=real) 4. A mirage is not a ______ object. (=real) 5. ______ silver (=genuine)
26. (L. 45) go through: experience (sth. difficult or unpleasant)
* He’s amazingly cheerful considering all that he’s gone through. 孩提时代, 他经历了一个又一个的艰难困苦。
(=When he was a child, he went through one hardship after another.)
(Directions:) Choose the appropriate translation for the expression “go through” in the following sentences.
A. 检查、审查、搜查 B. 完成、做完 C. 遭受、经历 D. 看完
D 1. How long will it take to go through the book?
C 2. I’m flattered that you went through all this trouble just for me. A 3.They went through our luggage at the customs.
B 4. With great concentration she went through the movements.
27. (L. 47) linger: vi.
1) last or continue for a long time
* Before leaving Suzhou, we took a last lingering look at the beautiful view. (=The beautiful melody is lingering in my mind.) 2) take a long time to leave or disappear
* He lingered outside the school after everybody else had gone home.
CF: stay, remain & linger
这三个词都是动词，都有“停留”、“逗留”之意。
stay是本组词中最普通的用语。或长期或短期，或永远或暂时地停留。例如：
* My car stays in the garage most of the week. 我的车子一周大部分时间都停放在车库里。
remain强调维持原来的状态，表示“逗留”时比stay更正式些。例如：
* Little of the original architecture remains. 原来的建筑现在留存很少了。
linger意思是“逗留”、“徘徊”，尤指迟迟不愿离开的样子。例如：
* He should have gone out, but lingered over his meal till it was too late to catch the train.
他本该出门了，可还慢腾腾地吃饭，以致来不及赶火车了。
28. (L. 47) individual:
1. n. person considered separately from their society
个人权利
(=rights of individuals)
* The welfare of the individual is bound up with the welfare of the community.
2. adj. of or for one person
* A good coach knows how to take best advantage of the strength of each individual player on the team.
* She has her own individual way of walking.
29. (L. 52) tangible: adj. that can be clearly seen to exist; that you can touch and feel
* Tangible assets refer to those assets that have a physical form, such as machinery, buildings and land.
(=Sculpture is a tangible art form.)
N.B.: 该词的反义词为intangible。