A.am to have finished B.was to have finished? C.was to finish D.ought to finish 2. They ____ a tip if the service is poor. (1990)
A. don’t have to leave B. must no leave C. can not leave D. do not leave
专四语法考点串讲之三 ：非谓语动词 考点1：不定式
专四题中对于不定式用法的考察比较少，特别是近些年的考题几乎已经不考了。以前的考点基本集中在： (1) 考察哪些动词接不定式；
(2) 考察哪些短语接不带to的不定式；
1) can’t help/choose but do 不得不,只能,不禁 2) why not do sth
1. _______him tomorrow?2001
A. Why not to call on B. Why don’t call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on 3) would do rather than do
1.She said she would work it out herself, ______ ask me for help.1993? A.and not to B.but not C.and prefer not D.rather than (3) 考察短语\的用法；
1. The Minister of Finance is believed ____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.2004? A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking?C. that he is to think D. to think?
2. AIDS is said ______the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in the region.2002 A. being B. to be C. to have been D. having been
3. Professor Johnson is said ____some significant advance in his research in the past year. 1999 A. having made B. making C. to have made D. to make (4)考察动词不定时的时态和语态：进行式to be doing, 完成式to have done;一般式被动语态to be done; 完成式被动语态to have been done。另外，不定式短语有将来时的意思； 考点2：动名词
（1）常接动名词做宾语的词：mind(介意), miss(逃过), mention(提及), prevent, postpone, practice, risk(冒险), resist(抵制), consider(考虑), admit(承认), avoid(避免), appreciate(感激), fancy(幻想), finish(完成)，feel like(喜欢), escape(逃脱), ensure(确保) , delay(延迟), deny(否认), resent, detest, imagine(想象), suggest(建议) 1. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid______. 1996 A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be beaten 2. He resented ______to wait. He expected the minister ______ him at once.1995
A. to be asked, to see B. being asked, to see C. to be asked, seeing D. being asked, seeing 3.I never regretted _______ offer, for it was not where my interest lay.1993?
A.not to accept B.not having accepted? C.having not accepted D.not accepting
（2）介词后的ing：revent/stop/keep sb /sth from doing 阻止…做…；spend/waste time /money in doing 在做…方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱；how /what about doing sth 做…怎么样了？；Have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在…方面有些困难；There is no sense in doing (做…是没有理由的)；Thank / admire /praise/blame /scold/ punish sb for doing sth因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人 1. What a nice day! How about the three of us _____ a walk in the park nearby?2009 A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
2. Though her father never approved of ______ to drama school, she became a well-known actress.1991 A. going B. her to go C. her going D. her go
（3）接动名词做介词to 的宾语：apply oneself to致力于；be accustomed to习惯于；confess to供认；come to谈到；devote oneself to献身于；get down to着手做；give way to 对…让步；lead to导致；look forward to
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期待；next to几乎；object to反对；pay attention to注意；stick to坚持；stand up to勇敢面对；turn to求助于；be used to习惯于
1. What’s the chance of ________ a general election this year?2005
A. there being B. there to be C. there be D. there going to be 2. The meeting was put off because we __________ a meeting without John.2005
A. objected having B. were objected to having C. objected to have D. objected to having 考点3：分词
（1）从语态上看，现在分词一般都表示主动，而过去分词一般表示被动；
（2）从时态上看，现在分词表示进行，过去分词表示过去。如果分词动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前，分词用完成时。
（3）现在分词的否定形式是not放在分词之前。
1. _____ should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.2010/2001 A. To be not tall B. Not being tall C. Being not tall D. Not to be tall
2. \ . 2009
A. the man who has prepared the documents... B. the man who has been preparing the documents... C. the man who is preparing the documents... D. the man who will prepare the documents... 3. ______ at in this way, the situation does not seem so desperate.2007/2000 A. Looking B. looked C. Being looked D. to look
4. If not ____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.?2004 A. being treated B. treated?C. be treated D. having been treated 5. ______, he can now only watch it on TV at home. 1998
A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match D. Not obtained a ticket for the match
6. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals ____ in Africa. 1996 A. hunted B. hunting C. that hunted D. are hunted
7. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______insufficiently poplar with all members.1996 A. having considered B. was considered C. was being considered D. being considered
8. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder______ out and three men climbing down it. 1995
A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrown D. having been thrown 9. This missile is designed so that once _____nothing can be done to retrieve it.1995 A. fired B. being fired C. they fired D. having fired 10. Arriving at the bus stop, _____waiting there.1994
A. a lot of people were B. he found a lot of people C. a lot of people D. people were found 11. _____ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first.1994 A. Not received B. Since receiving C. Having received D. Not having received 12. ____, he was chosen and trained as a professional swimmer. (1991)
A. He was born and raised in a fishing village B. Born and raised in a fishing village
C. That he was born and raised in a fishing village D. In addition to he was born and raised in a fishing village 13. ______ their luggage , the group of tourists hurried to the airport.1991 A. Packed B. After packed C. Finished packing D. Having packed 14. The mother was afraid to let the boy___ the tree.1990
A. to risk climbing B. risk climbing C. to risk to climb D. risk to climb 15. Mr. Brown had the report as soon as he finished___ it.1990 A. to be typed, to write B. typed, to write C. being typed, writing D. typed, writing
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考点4：独立主格（句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语。形式：名词/代词＋分词）。
(1) 分词短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”，相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作、情况或表原因
(2) 介词（with）+名词+形容词，副词+分词，表示伴随行动做或补充说明
1. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop.2003 A. is B. been C. be D. being 2. Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled.2003
A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D. permits
3. There ____ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.2000 A. to be B. to have been C. being D. be 4. _____ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom.1996 A. There was B. Since C. Being D. There being
5. The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars ______the most important of these. 1994 A. have been B. are C. being D. are being
6. The tape recorder___ out of order,the students did not know what to do.1990 A. was B. Being C. has been D. was being
*动词不定时与现在分词的否定形式是not放在to和分词之前。
*非谓语动词解题三步曲：一、首先确定主句；二、分析主动被动；三、分析动作先后
专四语法考点串讲之四 ：定语从句 关系代词：which（指sth 作主语或宾语），that（指sb或sth 作主语或宾语），who（指sb作主语或宾语），whom（指sb作宾语），whose（指sb或sth，作定语）,as（指sb,sth 作主语或宾语）; 注意: 做宾语的时候， 关系代词可以省略。
关系副词：when（指时间 on which），where（指地点 at which），why（指原因 for which） 考点1. 先行词为人时引导词who和that
(1) 只能用who不用that：1)当先行词为one(s), anyone, those时；2)当先行词为人称代词时。 (2) 只能用that不用who：1)当主句已经出现who时。2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
1. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _______ he was twenty years ago. 2003 A. which B. that C. who D. whom 考点2. 先行词为物时引导词that和which
(1) 只能用that不用which：1)先行词为much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all等不定代词。2）先行词既有人又有物。3）先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰。4）先行词被the very, the only, the last, just, all, any, every, no等修饰。5）关系代词在从句中作表语。6) 在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中。7) 主句是there be句型。
1. I was very interested in _____ she told me.2009 A. all that B. all which C. all what D. That
2. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ____is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. 2000
A. whose B. as C. what D. that 3. The team can handle whatever _____. (1997)
A. that needs handling B. which needs handling C. it needs handling D. needs to be handled 4. There is no one in the world ______.1991
A. that ever made mistakes B. that has ever made mistakes C. that never makes mistakes D. that sometimes makes mistakes
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(2) 只能用which不用that: 1) 定语从句中的介词前臵时关系代词只能用which; 2)引导非限制性定语从句时只能用which,其先行词可是一个词, 也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。
1. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _____is something we had not expected. 2003
A. which B. it C. that D. what
2. We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ____should make great differences in our life next summer.2002
A. which B. what C. that D. They
3. The physicist has made a discovery, _____of great importance to the progress of science and technology.1997 A. I think which is B. that I think is C. which I think is D. which I think it is 考点3：介词+关系代词 (which/ whom)
(1) 关系代词前介词的确定方法：定语从句的动词与先行词的逻辑关系，或者从句的动词、形容词的习惯性搭配。
1. The party, __I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.2006 A. by which B. for which C. to which D. at which 2. I’ve never been to Lhasa, but that’s the city _______.1999
A. I’d most like to visit B. which I like to visit mostly C. where I like to visit D. I’d like much to visit 3. The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel_______. 1998
A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying 4.I have never been to London, but that is the city ________.1997 A. where I like to visit most B. I'd most like to visit.
C. which I like to visit mostly D. where I'd like most to visit
(2) 非限制性定语从句中，表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构; (3) Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+n=the +n + of which =of which + the + n.
1. Above the trees are the hills, _______ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.2003 A. where B. of whose C. whose D. which 考点4：关系副词的运用 ⑴ 先行词为“时间的名词”用when
1. She remembered several occasions in the past ____she had experienced a similar feeling.1998 A. which B. before C. that D. when ⑵ 先行词为“表示地点的名词” （case, point, situation, condition, scene, stage, country, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street等）用where
1. Have you ever been in a situation _____ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?2002 A. by which B. that C. in where D. Where
2. This company has now introduced a policy _____pay rises have related to performance at work. 1996 A. which B. where C. whether D. what ⑶ 先行词为“表示原因的名词”why：reason＋why…（表示原因的名词只有一个） 考点5：as与which引导的定语从句
as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情况多用as: 1) 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。2) 当与such as或the same连用时，一般用as。3) 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
1. Only take these clothes ______really necessary.1994
A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are
2. _____ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. 1994
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A. That B. It C. This D. As 三大注意：
1. the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。
2. 定语从句中主谓一致问题：从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。 He is one of the teachers who know English well. He is the only one of the teachers who knows English well.(特殊)
3.疑问句的解题思路：先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
专四语法考点串讲之五：状语从句 考点1：时间状语从句
连接词：when, while, as, till/until, before, after, since, once, as soon as, every time, the moment, the minute, no sooner ..than hardly…when等 (1) whenever
1. Come and see me whenever _____. (1997)
A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you (2) No sooner than/ hardly ..when/ scarcely..when 一 .就..用于句首要求倒装 1. The couple had no sooner got to the station _____ the coach left.2009 A. when B. as C. until D. Than (3) 其它
1. I enjoyed myself so much ____ I visited my friends in Paris last year. 2008 A. when B. which C. that D. where
2. __ the Atlantic Ocean cross the equator, the trade winds cause a flow of water to the west. (1991) A. That B. When C. Where D. Though 考点2：条件状语从句
连接词：if , unless so/as long as, on condition that（条件是），as (so) far as (据..所知), provided that（要是，如果），in case(假使，如果)，only if（只有）等 (2) only if只有
1.____ both sides accept the agreement ____ a lasting peace be established in this region.2004 A. Only if, will B. If only, would?C. Should, will D. Unless, would? (3) unless 除非
1. You won’t get a loan ______ you can offer some security.1996
A. lest B. in case C. unless D. other than
2. ___ I was very much mistaken, there was something wrong with Louise. 1995 A. Unless B. As C. Though D. Since
3. _____ their policy can be changed the future for that country will be indeed bleak. (1993) A. Even if B. Unless C. Now that D. As long as
4. We could go to a concert _____ you’d prefer to visit a museum. (1992) A. if B. because C. unless D. since 考点3：原因状语从句
连接词：Because, since, as (放句首) , for, now that(既然，由于）, when(既然), considering that（顾及到---）, seeing that（由于）。（都表示原因，语气依次减弱） (1) in that=because
1. Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak.2008 A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which
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