航海英语阅读理解题集
Passage 1 Admiralty TotalTide
Admiralty TotalTide (DP550) is a PC-based （基于个人电脑）tidal prediction program （预测程序）which uses the same prediction algorithms （运算法则）and Harmonic Constants （谐和常数）as the Admiralty TotalTide, and has been designed to meet SOLAS carriage requirements（运输条款）.
Tidal heights for both Standard and Secondary Ports are displayed in graphical and tabular form以图表形式. Tidal Stream rates 潮流速率are presented on a chart-based diagram表示在一张航用海图上的简图.
TotalTide permits the mariner to select and simultaneously 有选择地或同步calculate tidal heights for multiple ports 多个港口for up to seven days最多达到7天. Output from the system 从该系统输出的形式also includes periods of daylight 白昼and nautical twilight航海的黄昏、黎明, moon phases and a springs and neaps （大、小潮）indicator. Underkeel and overhead clearance 富裕水深和高处间隙can be displayed in a graphic form 以图表形式to aid passage planning帮助航路设计.
TotalTide is supplied in the form of a single CD 光盘which contains the calculation program and the seven geographic Area Data Sets 7个地区的汇总数据资料(ADS) providing global coverage. A permit system then provides access to the areas required. Annual updates 年度的更新资料for TotalTide are available from Admiralty Chart Agents, and are recommended.
1. The Admiralty TotalTide (Dp550) is .
A．an article abstracted from SOLAS B．a Book known as Admiralty TotalTide C．an Admiralty Chart Agent D．a PC-based tidal prediction program 2. is not an item contained in the output of the Admiralty TotalTide.
A．periods of daylight and nautical twilight B．moon phases
C．an indicator of springs and neaps D．the seven geographic Area Data Sets 3. Underkeel and overhead clearances are used to .
A．calculate tidal heights for multiple ports B．select recommended sailing directions
C．display in graphical and tabular form of Tidal Stream rates D．aid passage planning 4. It is inferred that the prediction algorithms are used for .
A．displaying in graphical and tabular form of tidal heights B．updating of the Admiralty TotalTide
C．an calculation of the program and the seven geographic Area Data Sets D．the determination of tides and currents for certain area concened
Passage 2 Ocean Passages for the world
For the mariner planning an ocean passage为了航海人员设计一条远洋航路, Ocean Passages for the World（NP136）provides a selection of commonly used routes 从常用航线中挑选了一部分with their distances between principal ports and important positions. It contains details of weather, currents and ice hazards appropriate to the routes, and so links the volumes of Sailing Directions并与航路指南相衔接. It also gives other useful information on Load Line Rules, Weather Routeing.
The volume is in two parts: Part I gives routes for powered vessels; Parts II gives routes used in the past by sailing ships, edited from former editions to bring names up-to-date 根据编辑，前者所出现的名称是最新的, and with certain notes added. The book is updated by Section IV of Admiralty Notices to Mariners, Weekly Editions, and periodically 周期性地by supplements.
5. is not contained in Ocean Passages for the World（NP136）.
A．Details of weather B．Currents appropriate to the routes C．Ice hazards appropriate to the routes D．Tonnage measurement 6. Ocean Passages for the World（NP136）is updated by .
A．Weekly NW B．Weather Routeing
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C．circulars from IMO D．certain notes
7. Part I of Ocean Passages for the World gives .
A．routes used in the past by sailing ships B．routes for powered vessels C．supplements
D．useful information on Load Line Rules, Weather Routeing, etc.
8. Contained in the Ocean Passages for the World (NP136) is also the information linking the volumes of .
A．Admiralty Notices to Mariners B．Sailing Directions C．Load Line Rules D．Weather Routeing
Passage 3 The Nautical Almanac航海天文历 , Star Finder Identifier索星卡和星球仪
The Nautical Almanac tabulates all date for the year required for the practice of astronomical navigation at sea.
It is compiled jointly by HM Nautical Almanac Office, Space Science and Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom, and The Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval Observatory, and published annually by HM Stationery Office. It is obtainable through Admiralty Chart Agents and HM Stationery Office Bookshops皇家文具办公书店, but not from the Hydrographic Office水道测量办公室.
Star Finder and Identifier标识符 (Np323) consists of diagrams图表 on which are plotted the 57 stars listed on the daily pages of The Nautical Almanac, and on which the positions of the planets and other stars can be added. For a given Local Hour Angle (Aries) and latitude, the elevation 海拔and true bearing of a star can be obtained by inspection.
Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), now part of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, was established in 1832 on the site of the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO), where the Nautical Almanac had been published since 1767.
陛下的船舶年曆辦公室 (HMNAO)，現英國水文辦公室
9. The Nautical Almanac is published annually by .
A．HM Nautical Almanac Office B．United States Naval Observatory
C．Rutherford Appleton Laboratory D．Space Science and Technology Department 10. The Nautical Almanac is obtainable through .
A．Admiralty Chart Agents B．Hydrographic Office
C．Rutherford Appleton Laboratory D．Space Science and Technology Department 11. Aries means .
A．astronomical navigation B．Local Hour Angle
C．Space Science and Technology D．the elevation and true bearing of a star 12. The earth is a .
A．shop B．body C．planet D．star
Passage 4 Corrections to Sailing Directions
Corrections to Sailing Directions are given in Section IV. Those in force at the end of the year are reprinted in the Annual Summary of Notice to Mariners. A list of corrections in force is published in Sections IV of the Weekly Edition for the last week of each month.
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It is recommended that corrections be kept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on top. The list should be consulted when using the parent book to see if any corrections affecting the area under consideration are in force.
It is not recommended that corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement, but, if this is done , when a new supplement is received care must be taken to retain those corrections issued after the date of the new supplement, which may be several months before its receipt on board.
13. Corrections to Sailing Directions are contained in .
A．The Weekly Edition for the last week of each month B．The Annual Summary of Notice to Mariners
C．The new supplement D．The Weekly Edition
14. The parent book is .
A．the Sailing Directions B．the Corrections to Sailing Directions in force
C．The Annual Summary of Notice to Mariners D．The Weekly Edition
15. It is recommended that Corrections to Sailing Directions be .
A．made by hand B．consulted with at the last week of each month C．stuck in the parent book or current supplement
D．kept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on top
16. If the corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement, .
A．when a new supplement is received, those corrections issued after the date of the new supplement must be retained
B．the parent book must be consulted
C．the current supplement must be consulted
D．the Annual Summary of Notice to Mariners must be used
Passage 5. Chart Scales
The nature and importance of the area concerned govern the thoroughness with which the area must be examined and therefore the selection of the scale of the survey. Ports and harbours are usually surveyed in a scale of between 1：12，500 and 1：5，000，and anchorages on a scale of only 1:25,000.
A general survey of a coast which vessels only pass in proceeding from one place to another is seldom made on a scale larger than 1:50,000. in such general surveys of coasts or little frequented anchorages, the surveyor does not contemplate that will approach the shore without taking special precautions.
Charts may be published on a smaller scale than the surveys on which they are based, though modern large scale charts are often published on the same scale as the original surveys. With an older chart it would be unwise to assume the original was on a larger scale than that of the chart itself.
17. Anchorages are usually surveyed on a scale of .
A．1:12,5000 B．1:5,000 C．1:25,000 D．1:50,000 18. Older charts were usually published on the surveys on which they were based.
A．a smaller scale than B．a large scale than
C．the same scale as D．a scale that connot be determined compared with 19. Of the following, are most poorly surveyed.
A．ports B．anchorages C．harbours D．coasts
20. The thoroughness with which the area must be examined and therefore the selection of the scale of the survey of a sea water is determined by the consideration of .
A．the nature and importance of the area concerned B．the assumption of the original survey
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C．the scale of the original survey D．special precautions to be taken
Passage 6 Use of Charts
At a scale of 1:6000,000, a chart user who is capable of plotting to a precision of 0.2 mm must appreciate that this represents approximately 120 meters on the ground.
At a scale of 1:25,000, the same plotting error will be only about 5meters on the ground.
Thus, if the difference between a WGS84 Datum position and the horizontal datum of the chart is, say 50 meters, this would not be plottable at the smaller scale, (the chart could effectively be said to be on WGS 84 Datum) but would be plottable (2.0) , and therefore significant, at the large scale.
This explains why it is not uncommon for small and medium scale approach charts to be referenced to WGS84 Datum while the larger scale port plans have no quoted horizontal datum. Similarly, some charts at scales of 1:50,000 and smaller just quote to WGS84 Datum (without a year date) since the positional difference between WGS72 and WGS84 Datums is not plottable at these scales.
21. At a scale of 1:500,000, a plotting of 0.3 mm on the chart represents approximately meters on the ground.
A．100m B．120m C．150m D．180m
22. On the chart of , a plotting of 0.2 mm represents approximately 10 meters on the ground.
A．1:5,000 B．1:12,500 C．1:25,000 D．1:50,000 A．B．C．D． 23. When the scale is smaller than the positional difference between WGS 72 and WGS84 Datums is not potable.
A．1:600,000 B．1:25,000 C．1:50,000 D．that of WGS84 datum 24. It is inferred that the small and medium scale approach charts are those of scales.
A．1:600,000 or smaller B．1:25,000 or smaller
C．1:50,000 or smaller D．1:5,000 or smaller
Passage 7 Chart Datums and the Accuracy of Positions on Charts
The International Maritime Organization offers the following advice：Many different definitions of a horizontal datum (also known as geodetic datum) exist However，practical working definition in use is：\horizontal datum is a reference system for specifying positions on the Earth's surface Each datum is associated with a particular reference spheroid that can be different in size orientation and relative position from the spheroids associated with other horizontal datums. Position are referred to different datums call differ by several hundred meters.
The practical result is that a given geographical position，not associated with a specific datum, could refer to different physical objects In other words, a physical object can have as many geographical positions as there are datums.
25. The shape of horizontal datum is a .
A. sphere B. spheroid C. ellipsoid D. ball 26. The geodetic datum is a .
A. physical object B. geographical position C. reference system for specifying positions 0n the Earth’s surface
D. quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes 27. A physical object can have .
A. one geographical position B. two geographical positions
C. three geographical positions D. as geographical positions as there are datums 28. The difference between positions referred to different datums is up to .
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A. several fathoms B. several hundred meters C. several miles D. several millimetres
Passage 8 Changes of Nautical Charts
Nautical charts are indispensable to mariners. They，however，are subject to frequent changes， such as those of navigational aids，of waterways due to the dredging and construction，of depths of water，and of removal or appearance of wrecks In order to keep up-to-date and reliable，nautical charts have to undergo correction. Changes of importance are generally promulgated by weekly edition of Notices to Manners, which enable mariners to correct the charts by hand. If major changes make it impracticable to do so，the Notices will provide a reproduction of a small area．Which is also called block，to be pasted onto the chart in its correct position. 29. Nautical charts need correction because . A. navigational aids are sometimes indispensable B. there are always some mistakes C. wrecks may appear or be removed D. they could never be reprinted
30. Correction to charts are made by crew members in accordance with .
A. Notices to Mariners B. Sailing Directions C. Guide to Port Entry D. Supplement 31. In the passage，Blocks are .
A. large scale charts B. representations of charts C. reproductions of portions of charts D. small scale charts 32. The purpose of correction to charts is to .
A. keep them up-to-date B. make the charts brand-new C. keep the charts available to all mariners in the world
D. keep the charts free from mistakes
Passage 9 NAVTEX
NAVTEX is the system for the broadcast and automatic reception of maritime safety information by means of narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy. The International NAVTEX service is part of an internationally co-ordinated system and broadcasts are on 518 khz in English. National NAVTEX Service may be established by maritime authorities to meet particular national requirements. These broadcasts may be on 490 khz, 4209.5 khz or a nationally allocated frequency and may be in either English or the appropriate national language. For details, see Admiralty List of Radio Signals Volume 5.
On charts affected, information received by Radio Navigational Warnings should be noted in pencil and expunged when the relevant messages are canceled or superseded by Notices to Mariners. Charts quoted in messages are only the most convenient charts; other charts may be affected.
33. The International NAVTEX broadcasts on .
A．490 khz B．4209.5 khz C．518 khz D．nationally allocated frequency
34. When the relevant messages are canceled or superseded by Notices to Mariners, the noted information received by Radio Navigational Warnings should be .
A．expunged B．affected C．allocated D．renoted
35. Of the following, is not correct concerning the information provided by NAVTEX.
A．It is a broadcast maritime safety information
B．It is received by means of narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy C．It is sooner or later cancelled or superseded by Notices to Mariners D．It is an automatic reception of maritime safety information 36. It is inferred that .
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