A．single tracks B．one-way routes C．two-way routes D．recommended routes
Passage 51 Regulations in Confined Waterways
In confined waterways not considered international waters, local authorities may establish certain regulations for the safe passage of ships and operate waterway systems consisting of locks船闸, canals, channels, and ports. This occurs generally in very busy or very highly developed waterways which form the major constrictions on international shipping routes. The Panama Canal, St.Lawrence Seaway, and the Suez Canal represent systems of this type. Nearly all ports and harbors have a body of regulations concerning the operation of vessels within the port limits, particularly if locks and other structures are part of the system. The regulations covering navigation through these areas are typically part of a much larger body of regulations relating to assessment and payment of tariffs关税，价目表 and tolls,通行费 vessel condition and equipment, personnel, communications equipment, and many other factors. In general the larger the investment in the system, the larger will be the body of regulations which control it.
197. shall not be considered as a very busy or very highly developed waterway.
A．The Panama Canal B．St.Lawrence Seaway
C．The Suez Canal D．The port with regulations concerning the operation of vessels within its limits 198. A body of regulations is mostly needed in the port system with .
A．locks B．canals C．channels D．jetties防波提，码头 199. are not covered by the body of regulations established by local authorities.
A．Assessment and payment of tariffs and tolls B．Vessel condition and equipment C．communications equipments D．Waterway systems 200. It is inferred that the size of the body of regulations depends upon .
A．the investment in the system
B．assessment and payment of tariffs and tolls C．the navigation through the area
D．vessel condition and equipment, personnel, communications equipment involved
Passage 52 Tides
The rise and fall of tide is accompanied by horizontal movement of water called tidal current. It is necessary to distinguish 区别 clearly between tide and tidal current, for the relation between them is complex and variable. For the sake of 为了clarity清晰的 mariners have adopted 采纳the following definitions: Tide is the vertical rise and fall of the water，and tidal current is the horizontal flow. The tide rises and falls, the tidal current floods and ebbs. The navigator is concerned with the amount and time of the tide, as it affects access to shallow ports. The navigator is concerned with time, speed, and direction of the tidal current, as it will affect his ship’s position, speed, and course.
Tides are superimposed 双重的、添加on non-tidal rising and falling water levels, caused by weather, seismic events, or other natural forces. Similarly, tidal current are superimposed upon non-tidal currents such as normal river flows, floods, freshets, etc.
201. are not a non-tidal currents.
A．River flows B．Floods C．Freshets D．Falling water levels 202. Tidal current is .
A．horizontal movement of water B．the vertical rise of the water
C．the vertical fall of the water D．the amount and time of the tide 203. is /are not the causes of non-tidal rising and falling water levels.
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A．Weather B．Seismic events C．Tsunami 海啸forces D．The gravitational forces by moon and sun
204. When tidal current are superimposed upon non-tidal currents, the speed of horizontal movement of the water will be
A．changed B．increased C．decreased D．unchanged
Passage53 Variation across an Estuary
In inland tidal estuaries江河入海口 the time of tidal current varies across the channel from shore to shore. On the average, the current turns earlier near shore than in midstream, where the speed is greater. Differences of half an hour to an hour are not uncommon不常见的, but the difference varies and the relationship may be nullified by the effect of non-tidal flow.
The speed of the current also varies across the channel, usually being greater in midstream or mid-channel than near shore, but in a winding弯曲的 river or channel the strongest currents occur near the concave凹的 shore, or the outside corner of the curve. Near the opposite (convex ) shore the currents are weak or eddying. 使起涡流
205. The speed of the current is weaker in a winding river or channel.
A．near shore B．in midstream C．near the convex 凸的shore D．near the concave shore 206. From shore to shore, the smallest difference of current time is .
A．one hour B．half an hour C．a few minutes D．zero
207. The eddying is likely to occur .
A．near shore B．in midstream C．near the convex shore D．near the concave shore 208. The flood time is earlier in a winding river or channel.
A．near shore B．in midstream C．near the convex shore D．near the concave shore
Passage 54. Variation with Depth
In tidal rivers the subsurface current acting on the lower portion of a ship's hull may differ considerably from the surface current. An appreciable subsurface current may be present when the surface movement appears to be practically slack平潮, and the subsurface current may even be flowing with appreciable speed in the opposite direction to the surface current.
In a tidal estuary, particularly in the lower reaches where there is considerable difference in density from top to bottom, the flood usually begins earlier near the bottom than at the surface. The difference may be an hour or two, or as little as a few minutes, depending upon the estuary, the location in the estuary, and freshet conditions. Even when the freshwater runoff becomes so great as to prevent the surface current from flooding, it may still flood below the surface. The difference in time of ebb from surface to bottom is normally small but subject to variation with time and location.
The ebb speed at strength usually decreases gradually from-top to bottom, but the speed of flood at strength often is stronger at sub surface depths than at the surface.
209. In a tidal estuary, .
A．the density at the top is greater than at the bottom
B．the density at the top is smaller than at the bottom C．the density at the top is equal to that at the bottom
D．you cannot tell whether the density at the top is greater or smaller than at the bottom 210. is correct.
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A．The ebb speed at strength is stronger at the surface B．The ebb speed at strength is stronger at the subsurface C．The flood usually begins earlier at surface
D．The flood speed at strength is stronger at the surface
211. In a tidal estuary, the flood begins one hour .
A．at the surface B．near the bottom C．at the ebb time D．when the surface movement is slack 212. When the surface movement appears to be practically slack, the subsurface current will be flowing . A．in a direction that cannot be determined B．slack too
C．in the same direction D．in the opposite direction
Passage 55 The Navigational Aids on Charts
Passage 12
In some parts of a chart where the spaces are rather blank and there are no symbols of any kind，there may be Cautions，Warnings，Notes，etc.，which should be taken into account （考虑）while using a chart. All of those Cautionary Notes give the mariner facilities（便捷的工具，资料 ） to ensure safe navigation，such as to avoid running aground in shallow waters and making damages to nearby fishing gears，and to keep off any hazards in areas where submarine（潜艇） frequently exercises. Furthermore（此外），they are of good help to mariners，as to the reliability of the navigational aids especially in congested waters（拥挤的水域） or narrow channels，to prevent any possible accidents.
213-045.What is the main topic of this passage? ________.
A. Regulations of the harbor B. Details in the Sailing Directions C. Rules of the terminal D. Description on Admiralty Charts
214-046.According to the passage，you must pay attention to ________ while using a chart. A. Cautions，Warnings and Notes B. Reports，Symbols and Charts
C. Explanations，accounts and answers D. Damages，hazards and injuries 215-047.Cautionary Notes are helpful for mariners ________.
A. to run aground in shallow waters B. to make damages to nearby fishing gears C. to keep off hazards in areas where submarine exercises
D. to keep the reliability of the aids to navigation in congested waters or narrow channels
216-048.Cautions，Warnings，Notes，etc. are likely inserted in some parts of a chart where ________.
A. submarine frequently exercises B. there are fishing gears C. the waters is congested and the channels are narrow
D. the spaces are rather blank and there are no symbols of any kind
Passage 56 Ordering labour
Labour should be ordered by 0900hrs. for 2nd shift (1500 to 2300 hrs. ) on same day and by 1300hrs. for 1st (0700 to 1500 hrs. ) for nest day, by1100hrs. for 3rd shift (2300 to 0500 hrs.) on same day.
Under normal circumstances no work is performed during meal hours, 1100~1200hrs. and1830~1930 hrs. unless the ship is classified as key vessel or the agent orders work during the meal hours.
0900时预约（申请）同一天的第2个工班（1500—2300），并在1300时预约下一天的第一个工班（0700—1500），在1100时申请当天的第3个工班（2300—0500）。
正常情况下的就餐时间，1100—1200时和1850—1930时不工作，除非该轮被视为重点船舶或代理要求在就餐时间作业。
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217. If you want to order labour in this port for the third in same day, the order should be made by .
A．any time B．0900hours C．1100hours D．1300hours
218. is performed during meal hours under usual circumstances.
A．Cargo work B．No cargo work C．Ordering work by agent D．Loading and dischargeing 219. Loading and discharging can be performed during meal hours .
A．if the ship is classified as a key vessel or agent orders work beforehand B．under normal circumstances
C．if the ship requests for same
D．under no circumstance and condition
220. The word KEY means .
A．laden B．small C．pivotal关键的 D．big
Passage 56 Chartering
Passage 16（船长，大副题）
When the senders of goods（货物的发送者，托运人） have large shipment to make（大量的船运货物要运），and especially when bulk cargo is concerned，it is advisable that they have some ships at their disposal（支配，调度）. Some of the big companies set up a fleet of their own，but the rest may find it more profitable to hire（雇佣，租船） instead of building or buying ships. This is called \（租用）\brokers（租船经纪人作为中间），who，when hired，will go through all the necessary formalities on behalf of the charterer（承租人，租船者）. In London there is a special center \Baltic Exchange（波罗的海交易所）\，where the brokers operate in much the same way as stock（股票） and share brokers on a stock exchange（并与股票交易经纪人一样取得利益）. But it is easy for home （本国的）shippers （承运人）to hire Chinese or foreign ships through China National Chartering Corporation（中国租船企业，即中外运），which takes care of chartering business on orders from various import and export （进出口）corporations.
当货主有大量的货物要运时，尤其涉及到散货时，建议他们有自己的一些船来运。一些大公司建立了他们自己拥有的船队，但其他的公司可能发现租用船舶替代建造或购买船舶经济的多，这叫做“租船”。租用船舶通常通过（由）中间的经济人来做。经纪人，当被雇佣时，他将站在租船人的利益立场上办理所有必需的文件。在伦敦有一个专门的中心——“波罗的海交易所”，那里经纪人的操作与参与期货交易的经纪人的做法极为相同（如出一辙），但是，对于本国的航运企业来说，通过CNCC—“中国国际、船舶租赁公司”租用中国或外国船舶是容易的，CNCC从事各种进出口公司申请的租船业务。
221-061.When large shipment is concerned，________ is not the way for the sender to have ships at their disposal.
A. to charter ships B. to build ships C. to buy ships D. to scrape ships
222-062.In chartering all the necessary formalities are performed through ________. A. the intermediary of agents B. the intermediary of brokers C. the charterers D. the \223-063.The function of \
A. to deal with stocks B. to exchange cargoes C. to operate on shares D. to charter ships
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224-064.China National Chartering Corporation takes care of chartering business for home shippers. \
A. to pay attention to B. to be concerned with C. to be liable for D. to take charge of
Passage 57 Damage Prevention
Cargo handlers must know how to prevent cargo damage and measures to take if they encounter cargo already damaged. Damage may occur in transit, in handling, or from chafing, 磨损crushing挤压, contamination,污染 moisture水湿, or shifting移动.
Frequently, cargo is damaged in transit before it arrives at the piers. Cargo handles should inspect the cargo carefully as it arrives. If personnel have any double about a package being damaged internally, they should annotate documents accordingly, place the package to one side if possible, and advise their supervisor. If during loading operations cargo handlers find packages with insufficient packing, or package that show signs of wear and tear or attempted pilferage, they should return them to the warehouse for disposition. The condition damaged, but it may have damaged adjacent cargo. Cargo handlers should never repackage security cargo until the security officer has made an investigation and has given permission.
225. If cargo is damaged before it arrives at the piers, it is inferred that the damage occurred in .
A．transit B．handling C．chafing D．shifting
226. If during loading operations cargo handlers find packages with insufficient packing, or package that show signs of wear and tear or attempted pilferage, they should 。
A．annotate them to the warehouse for disposition B．return them to the warehouse for disposition
C．place the package to one side if possible D．advise their supervisor 227. The security cargo should not be under normal circumstances and condition.
A．repacked B．re-handled C．re-slinged D．re-loaded 228. It is inferred that the condition of the damaged cargo will during the voyage.
A．be improved B．worsen C．maintain constant D. vary变化
Passage 58 Signals Used in Winch Operations
The winch operator cannot see the draft at all times; therefore, he must depend on the signalman for instruction. The safety and smoothness of the operation depend on the judgment of the signalman and the skill of the winch operator to respond; a team effort is essential.
Every member of the hatch section must be familiar with the signals used in cargo handing. Each signalman must know the safe methods of slinging cargo and must satisfy himself that the draft is slung properly before giving the winch operator a signal to move it. The signalman must learn to judge the few seconds that elapse between the time the signal is given and the actual stopping of the winch. If allowance is not made for this, accidents may result.
The signalman and the winch operator must clearly understand the signals in order to prevent accidents, confusion, and damage to the cargo or the cargo fear. The signalman must place himself in such a position that he can see the draft at all times and ensure that his signals can be clearly seen by the winch operator. Both the signalman and winch operator should continually observe the rigging, paying particular attention to slack guys, chaffing runners, loose pins in shackles, strained hooks, and any condition of slings and bridle which could be unsafe.
229. The winch operator must depend on the signalman for instruction because .
A．he judge the few seconds that elapse between the time the signal is given and the actual stopping of the
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