辽宁大学毕业论文(设计)成绩评定单
评阅人评语: 评阅人评分: 评阅人签字: 年 月 日 答辩委员会评语: 院(系)毕业论文答辩委员会(小组)于
年 月 日审查了 届 专业学生 的毕业论文。 答辩委员会评语: 答辩成绩: 答辩委员会成员: 答辩委员会(小组)组长签字: 年 月 日 毕业论文(设计)成绩: 评阅人评分: 指导教师评分 : 答辩成绩: 总成绩: 院长(系主任)签字: 年 月 日 注:评阅人评分满分为100分,指导教师评分满分为100分,答辩成绩满分为100分;总成绩为
三者的算术平均值(四舍五入)。
摘 要
我国正处于社会转型期,各种社会矛盾日益凸显,随着医患之间矛盾的出现与激化,医疗纠纷不断增加。在《侵权责任法》颁布之前,医疗侵权纠纷主要适用《医疗事故处理条例》与《民法通则》。《医疗事故处理条例》是行政法规,而《民法通则》是基本法,二者在冲突时并不能适用特别法与普通法的关系,并且由于法律、法规规定的不同,这在一定程度上出现了法律适用上的二元化、鉴定程序和标准的二元化、损害赔偿标准的二元化问题。基于这些问题,《侵权责任法》的出台引起各方关注,人们普遍希望《侵权责任法》能够结束医疗纠纷二元化问题。我们可以看到,《侵权责任法》在归责原则、构成要件、责任承担、免责事由、患者隐私和宣誓条款等方面基本继承了《医疗事故处理条例》。不同之处在于《侵权责任法》归责原则依然采取过错责任,但出现第58条的情形,则适用过错推定责任;在构成要件方面,《医疗事故处理条例》采用违法行为、损害、因果关系、过错的“四要件”学说,而《侵权责任法》是“三要件”,没有违法行为的要求,但《侵权责任法》第58条规定的例外在一定程度上说明《侵权责任法》的构成要件对于《医疗事故处理条例》并没有实质性的变化。《侵权责任法》对于《医疗事故处理条例》大的变化主要表现在医疗损害名称、是否要进行医疗事故鉴定、医疗损害赔偿项目及标准等方面。这些继承和一定程度上的变化在《侵权责任法》出台以后并没有出现人们预期的能扭转医疗纠纷二元化的问题,而且由于《侵权责任法》与《医疗事故处理条例》的冲突基本还是在医疗损害的民事赔偿方面,并没有当然的冲突,加上医患双方证据调取和固定方面的权利义务条款仍然主要规定在《医疗事故处理条例》中的原因,《侵权责任法》与《医疗事故处理条例》可以预见到将在一定程度上长期并立。但对于“二元化”的消灭,随着立法方面的完善与司法体制改革的推进,医疗纠纷法律适用问题将会走向对于患者更加公平的道路上。
关键词:侵权责任;医疗损害;二元化
I
Abstract
Considering the current period of social transition, China is confront with a lot of conflicts. Among which, medical dispute is one of those serious troubles. Provided the increasing deterioration of physician-patient relation, it is not a news to anyone of us. Before the issue of Tort Liability Law, Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents and General Principles of the Civil Law are the main laws that solve the medical infringement litigations. However, as it has been known, Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents is a type of Administrative Regulation while General Principles of the Civil Law is a kind of Basic Law, which means it cannot be applied in the type of the regulory cases, for the relation of the two laws are not the kind of Specified Law and Common Law. Also, there are some dualistic patterns in the aspects of law application, process identification, and compensation standard. Because of these problems, the issue of Tort Liability Law had attracted much attention from the people of different parties. It is a common wish that Tort Liability Law would end up the problem of medical dispute duality. However, the disappointing thing is that the main construct of the new law is almost inherit of Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents, mainly in the parts of liability principle, elements, responsibility exemptions, patient privacy, terms oath. Even so, there are some creations. Tort Liability Law require the 58th condition applys in presumption of fault for liability, though the other liability principles remain adopt the fault for liability principle. In the aspect of construct elements, Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents adopt the “four elements” theory, namely guilt behavior, damage, casulity and fault while Tort Liability Law adopt the “three elements” thory, which is the same with Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents, except for the deletion of the requirement of guilt behavior. To some exent, we can conclude that the components of Tort Liability Law has not been foundamentally changed compared with Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents. The comparative big changes are mainly in the aspects of damage designation, necessarilty of identification, specified project of compensation, and so forth. The trait of the trinheritance and petty tiny change of this law destinate its failure to reverse the medical dispute duality as it is once expected. Generally speaking, as the conflict of Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents and Tort Liability Law is limited in the compensation, and the two laws have not foundamently conflicts. Also, some terms like evidence collection still use the reasons of Regulations on Settlement of Medical Treatment Accidents. It can be expected that the two laws will be coexist in a long period. To the issue of medical dispute duality, we faithfully belive that the legal applition to this problem will be fairer along with the improvement of legislation and justice.
Keywords: Tort Liability;Medical Malpractice;Dual
II
目 录
序 言 ....................................................................................................... 1 一、《侵权责任法》颁布以前《医疗事故处理条例》的适用 .................. 2
1.《医疗事故处理条例》与《民法通则》的关系 ..................................................... 2 2. 医疗纠纷二元化问题 ............................................................................................... 3
二、《侵权责任法》对《医疗事故条例》的继承和存在的问题 .............. 5
1.《侵权责任法》对《医疗事故处理条例》的继承 ................................................. 5 2.《侵权责任法》与《医疗事故处理条例》主要的变化 ......................................... 7
三、《侵权责任法》与《医疗事故处理条例》适用的展望 ...................... 9
1.《侵权责任法》与《医疗事故处理条例》的长期并立 ......................................... 9 2. 医疗纠纷处理二元化的消灭 ................................................................................. 10
参考文献 ..................................................................................................... 12 致 谢 ..................................................................................................... 13
序 言
改革开放30年来,随着社会的发展与进步,医学科学的发展一日千里,医疗技术水平日新月异。与此同时,伴随着经济体制的深刻变革,社会结构的深刻变动,思想观念的深刻转变,利益结构的深刻调整,医患关系也发生了深刻的变化。
长期以来,我国对于医患纠纷的处理并没有统一的法律,主要依据的是行政法规。改革开放之初的《医疗事故处理办法》,由于其历史的局限性和该办法本身存在的问题,受到社会的广泛批评。2002年9月1日实施的《医疗事故处理条例》,尽管扩大了医疗事故的范围、改革了鉴定体制、提高了对医疗损害的赔偿数额、加大了对医疗机构行政处罚的力度等,但《医疗事故处理条例》实施后医患矛盾并未得到有效的缓解,也没有摆脱卫生行政部门偏袒医疗机构的嫌疑,加之行政法规与民事法律规范的不协调,导致医患纠纷由多元化、鉴定双轨制、赔偿不统一,使医疗纠纷陷入了越来越难以处理的怪圈。导致医患矛盾的逐步加深,也造成了审判秩序的混乱,损害了司法权威。
《侵权责任法》设专章规定了医疗损害责任。统一使用医疗损害责任作为医疗侵权行为的统称;明确规定了医疗损害责任的归责原则及其责任构成;规定了医疗损害的不同类型及其免责事由;明确了认定医疗过失的标准;特别是对干扰医疗秩序的行为作了禁止性规定。从一定程度上说,《侵权责任法》是对《医疗事故处理条例》民事赔偿部分的继承和发展,但显然它不能完全代替《医疗事故处理条例》,毕竟《医疗事故处理条例》是一部行政法规,除了有少量的民事赔偿的内容外,大量的内容都属于医疗事故防范和医疗事故行政处理的范畴,这些能让仍然有效。不过,为了适应《侵权责任法》的需要,依据《医疗事故处理条例》建立起来的一些制度应当进行必要的改革。总之,在《侵权责任法》颁布以后,可以预见到的是《侵权责任法》将与《医疗事故处理条例》在很长一段时间长期并存,但这并不妨碍医疗纠纷改革的步伐。
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