in court 在法庭上
criminal n．罪犯，犯罪者 guilty adj．犯罪的，有罪的
gulty look内疚的神色the guilty party犯罪一方a guilty conscience犯罪感have a guiltyconscience问心有愧；做贼心虚be found gulty被判决有罪be guilty of a crim犯了罪
Passage 5 Living Space
How much living space does a person need? What happens when his space needs are not met? Scientists are doing experiments on rats to try to determine the effects of overcrowded conditions on man. Recent studies have shown that the behaviour of rats is greatly affected by space. If rats have enough living space, they eat well, sleep well and produce their young well. But if their living conditions become too crowded, their behaviour and even their health change obviously. They can not sleep and eat well, and signs of fear and worry become clear. The more crowded they are, the more they tend to bite each other and even kill each other. Thus, for rats, population and violence are directly related. Is this a natural law for human society as well? Is enough space not only satisfactory, but necessary for human survival? These are in teresting questions. (147 words) Useful Words and Expressions: determine V．测定；决心；决意determine the velocity测定速度He determined to go．他决意要去。I am determined to do better than Mike.我决心比迈克做得更好。tend to v. 有某种倾向；有……的趋势He tends to pitch the ball too high．他往往把球掷得过高。People under stress tend to express their full range of potential. 处压力下的人容易发挥自己全部的潜力。survival n.生存We need food and waterfor survival.我们为了生存需要食物和水。
Passage 6 The United Nations
In 1945, representatives of 50 nations met to plan this organization. It was called the United Nations. After the war, many more nations joined. There are two major parts of the United Nations. One is called the General Assembly, m the General Assembly, every member nation is represented and has an equal vote.
The second part is called the Security Council. It has representatives of just 15 nations. Five nations are permanent members: the United States, Russia, France, Britain, and China, The 10 other members are elected every two years by the General Assembly.
The major job of the Security Council is to keep peace in the world. If necessary, it can send troops from member nations to try to stop little wars before they turn into big ones.
It is hard to get the nations of the Security Council to agree on when this is necessary. But they did vote to try to stop wars. (156 words) Useful Words and Expressions:
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Representative n．代表General Assembly联合国大会permanent adj．永久的，持久的permanent address固定地址permanent tooth成人齿a permanent Job 固定职业a permanent commitee常设委员会Security Council n.联合国安全理事会troop n．军队
Passage 7 Plastic
We use plastic wrap to protect our foods. We put our garbage in plastic bags or plastic cans. We sit on plastic chairs, play with plastic toys, drink from plastic cups, and wash our hair with shampoo from plastic bottles!
Plastic does not grow in nature. It is made by mixing certain things together. We call it a produced or manufactured material. Plastic was first made in the 1860s from plants, such as wood and cotton. That plastic was soft and burned easily. The first modern plastics were made in the 1930s. Most clear plastic starts out as thick, black oil. That plastic coating inside a pan begins as natural gas.
Over the years, hundreds of different plastics have been developed. Some are hard and strong. Some are soft and bendable. Some are clear. Some are many-colored. There is a plastic for almost every need. Scientists continue to experiment with plastics. They hope to find even ways to use them! (160 words)
Useful Words and Expressions: Shampoo n．洗发精，洗发香波，洗发manufacture vt．制造，加工manufacture an excuse胡乱编个理由half manufactured半成品（的） a thing of home [foreign] manufacture本国[外国]制品Plastic is an important manufacture.塑料是种重要产品。bendable可弯曲的experiment with用……做实验
Passage 8 Display of Goods
Are supermarkets designed to persuade us to buy more?
Fresh fruit and vegetables are displayed near supermarket entrances. This gives the impression that only healthy food is sold in the shop. Basic foods that everyone buys, like sugar and tea, are not put near each other. They are kept in different aisles so customers are taken past other attractive foods before they find what they want. In this way, shoppers are encouraged to buy products that they do not really need.
Sweets are often placed at children's eye level at the checkout. While parents are waiting to pay, children reach for the sweets and put them in the trolley.
More is bought from a fifteen-foot display of one type of product than from a ten-foot one. Customers also buy more when shelves are full than when they are half empty. They do not like to buy from shelves with few products on them because they feel there is something wrong with those products that are there. (166 words)
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Useful Words and Expressions: aisle n．走廊，过道
roll them in the aisle ［口」使（观众）捧腹大笑 knock them in the aisle 使（观众）捧腹大笑 lay them in the aisle 使（观众）捧腹大笑 rock them in the aisle 使（观众）捧腹大笑
have them rolling in the aisle 使（观众）捧腹大笑 trolley n．手推车
checkout（超级市场等的）收款台
Passage 9 Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. His号father owned a factory that made electrical devices. His mother enjoyed music and books. His parents were Jewish but they did not observe many of the religion's rules. Albert was a quiet child who spent much of his time alone. He was slow to talk and had difficulty learning to read. When Albert was five years old, his father gave him a compass. The child was filled with wonder when he discovered that the compass needle always pointed in the same direction-to the north. He asked his father and his uncle what caused the needle to move. Their answers about magnetism and gravity were difficult for the boy to understand. Yet he spent a lot of time thinking about them. He said later that he felt something hidden had to be behind things. (143 words) Useful Words and Expressions: device n．装置，设备
leave to (one's) own devices听任某人自行其是，允许某人按自己的意愿做事 She left the child to her own devices for an hour in the afternoon.她允许孩子在下午有一个小时的自由支配时间。compass n．指南针beyond sb.' s compass某人力所不及cast/fetch/take a compass 兜圈子，绕道，转弯抹角keep sth. within compass把某种事物限制在适当的范围内
speak within compass s谨慎小心地说within sb.'s compass某人力所能及的；在某人权力之内的within the compass of在……的范围内magnetism n．磁，磁力
Passage 10 Private Cars
With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a car. Yet opinions of the development of a private car vary from person to person.
It gives a much greater degree of comfort and mobility. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport, and hence no irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxis. However, others strongly object to developing private cars. They maintain that as more and more cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people.
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Whether private cars should be developed in China is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be eliminated. (143 words) Useful Words and Expressions: Mobility n．活动性，机动性 hence ady．因此，从此
seven years hence七年以后
Hence the Play．因而就有了这出戏。
It Is very late；hence you must go to bed．时间已经很晚了，因此你必须睡觉去。
The town was built among the hills, hence the name Hilltown.该城镇修建在群山之中，故取名\山城\。 irritation n．愤怒 volume n．量
elimiimte vt．消除
Passage 10 A Henpecked Husband and His Wife
There was once a large, fat woman who had a small, thin husband. He had a job in a big company and was given his weekly wages every Friday evening. As soon as he got home on Fridays, his wife used to make him give her all his money, and then she used to give him back only enough to buy his lunch in his company every day.
One day, the small man came home very excited. He hurried into the living-room. His wife was listening to the radio and eating chocolates there.
\
He waited for a few seconds and then added, \on the lottery!\
\is wonderful!\said his wife delightedly. But then she pulled a long face and added angrily, \how could you afford to buy the ticket?\(148 words)
Useful Words and Expressions:
henpecked adj．[口]怕老婆的，妻管严的 living-room 客厅，起居室 lottery n．奖券，彩票
a lottery ticket彩票，奖券 a great lottery 虚无缥缈的事 delightedly adj．喜欢地，高兴地 a delighted look高兴的神情 pull a long face拉下脸来 have a smiling face笑脸
have a face to say that脸皮厚得竟能讲出这种话
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Passage 12 A Young Man's Promise
One day a young man was writing a letter to his have a face to say that girl friend who lived just a few miles away in a nearby town. He was telling her how much he loved her and how wonderful he thought she was. The more he wrote the more poetic he became. Finally, he said that in order to be with her he would suffer the greatest difficulties, he would face the greatest dangers that anyone could imagine. In fact, to spend only one minute with her, he would swim across the widest river, he would enter the deepest forest, and he would fight against the fiercest animals with his bare hands.
He finished the letter, signed his name, and then suddenly remembered that he had forgotten to mention something quite important. So, in a postscript below his name, he added: \the way, I'll be over to see you on Wednesday night, if it doesn't rain.\(154 words)
Useful Words and Expressions: Suffer vt．遭受，经历，忍受
suffer from a headache经受头痛之苦 suffer death丧生
suffer heavy casualties伤亡惨重 suffer from ill health身体不好 fierce．凶猛的，猛烈的
a fierce wolf一头凶猛的恶狼
the fierce glare on his face他那种凶狠的目光 poetic诗情画意的，浪漫的 poetic diction诗般的词句
a poelc romance诗一般浪漫的经历 poetic insight诗人般的洞察力 postscript n．附言，后记
Passage 13 A Kind Neighbor
Mr. and Mrs. Jones' apartment was full of luggage, packages, furniture and boxes. Both of them were very busy when they heard the doorbell ring. Mrs. Jones went to open it and she saw a middle-aged lady outside. The lady said she lived next door. Mrs. Jones invited her to come in and apologized because there was no place for her to sit. \that's OK,\said the lady. \of this city neighbors are not friendly at all. There are some apartment houses where people don't know any of their neighbors, not even the ones next door. But in this building everyone is very friendly with everyone else. We are like one big happy family. I'm sure you'll be very happy here.\Mr. and Mrs. Jones said, \
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