Useful Words and Expressions: be in the wrong 错误，理亏 look back v. 回顾，追忆 push ahead 抓紧进行
at the expense of 归……付费，在损害……的情况下 mysterious adj．神秘的
moral adj．道德（上）的，精神的 moral principles道德原则 moral standards道德标准 a moral lesson公民道德课
a moral obligation道义上的责任 a moral victory精神上的胜利 moral support 精神支持 disturbed adj．扰乱的
stay out of不参与……，置身于……之外 heartfelt adj．衷心的，真心真意的
She gave him her heartfelt thanks.她向他表示衷心的感谢。 roughly adv．概略地，粗糙地
Passage 42Sleep
Why is it so difficult to fall asleep when you are overtired? There is no one answer that applied to every individual. It is possible to feel \physically and still be unable to fall asleep, because while your bocdy may be exhausted, you do not feel sleepy. It is not so easy to simply \off\
Lack of sleep complicates matters even more. Experts say adults need at least seven to eight hours of sleep a night to function properly. When you get less sleep than that on consecutive three nights, you begin to accrue four \debt\As sleep debt increases your body experiences a stress response. Now a vicious cycle has been created: You experience the feeling of being more and more tired, but your body is increasingly stimulated. \sleeping\for more hours on weekends is only a temporary solution. There is no substitute for getting a good night's sleep on a regular basis. (158 words)
Useful Words and Expressions: ovcrtire vt. 使过度疲劳 apply to将……应用于
exhausted adj．耗尽的，疲惫的 complicate v．（使）变复杂
function vi．（器官等）活动，运行 consecutive adj．连续的，联贯的 accrue vi．自然增加，产生 vicious adj．恶的，不道德的 vicious cycle 恶性循环
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a vicious companion一个坏朋友
a vicious textbook 错误百出的教科书 vicious criticism恶意的批评 viciou reasonng错误的推理
a vicious headache 剧烈的头痛幻 stimulate v．刺激，激励
substitute for代替……，替换……
Passage 43 Our Concern
The histoly of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Only in the present century has one species of man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. The rapidity of change follows the pace of man rather than the pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man's tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the creations of man's inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.
We have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals into the hands of persons largely ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. We have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern. (170 words) Useful Words and Expressions: interaction n. 交互作用，交感
vesetation n．［植］植被，（总称）植物、草木 mold vt．浇铸，塑造 species n．种类
rapidity n．速度，迅速 alter v．改变
radiation n．放射，放射物 unnatural adj．不自然的 tamper with损害，影响 atom n．原子
inventive adj．善于创造的，发明的 counterpart n．配对物 poisonous adj．有毒的 biologically adv．生物学上 potent adj．有力的，有效的 ignorant of 不懂，不知道 consent n．同意，赞成
Passage 44 Gardening in America
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Believe or not, 43,000,000 Americans are gardening. That is about one in six. Gardeners, of course, come in many varieties. Not surprisingly, most of them are people who live in the suburbs, and enjoy planting flowers, or maybe a small vegetable garden.
The average age of gardeners in America is about 45 years old; they usually fall somewhere in the middle class. But the fastest growing groups are city dwellers. Urban residents are finding ways of gardening even in their crowded areas. Many go to large public gardens, as a place designed by the city for garden, and you can actually ranch your own plot. Still other people use their balconies or roof tops, wherever they can find the space to plant small patches of green. (126 words) Useful Words and Expressions: suburb n..市郊，郊区
Living in the suburbs you may suffer a little discomfort.住在乡下，你会感到不方便。
dweller n．居住者，居民
dwell in the country住在乡下
dwell in sb.'s mind 留在某人脑海里
She dwells too much upon her past．她过于详细地叙述她的过去。 urban 城市的，市内的 urban districts市区 urban telephone城市电话
the urban population城市人口 ranch v．经营牧场 plot n．小块土地
a garden plot一小块花园 balcony n．阳台 patch n．小块地
Passage 45 The Influence of Life
In the early times when human beings hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as the other lower animals did.
When they learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel, they cut down trees. They also burned clearings in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that human beings fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as setting up families, forming societies and founding cities. (139 words) Useful Words and Expressions: interact with与……相合
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cut down v. 砍倒
cut down a tree with an axe用斧头把树砍倒 cut down on smoking减少抽烟 clearing n．空旷地
grazing n．放牧，牧草domestication n．驯养，驯服previously adv．先前，以前inedible adj，不适于食用的，不能吃的pursuit n．追击scholastic pursuit学术探讨「研究」；做学问pursut of profit追逐利润In one's pursut of happiness 追求幸福Hell-fo-rleather pursuit全力追击，拼命追赶set up v．设立
Passage 46 Automobiles
It is impossible to say that any one man invented the automobile. Many individuals living and working in different countries and at different times contributed to its development. Many of the discoveries that went into the creation of the automobile were small in themselves. But together they were important. Here are two examples.
%unheard of in those days. According to automobile historians, this was the first practical use of mechanical power to move a vehicle. After its first run, the machine reportedly burned up while the inventor and his friends were celebrating its success at a pub.
Henry Ford is considered the father of modem automobile mass production. His famous Model-T car, because of its low price, made it possible to produce cars on a large scale and his efforts made it accessible to ordinary people. (152 words) Useful Words and Expressions:automomile n. ＜主美＞汽车(=＜英＞motor car, car＝contribute to v. 捐献，贡献contribute to me Red Cross向红十字会捐献contribute to a literary journal向文学杂志投稿Drink contributed to his ruin．酗酒促使他毁灭。She seldom contributes to the discussion．她在讨论中很少发言。carriage n．马车，客车historian n．历史学家，史家vehicle n．交通工具，车辆reportedly adv. 据传说，据传闻pub n．酒馆，客栈mass production n.大规模生产on a large scale大规模地accessible adj．易接近的，可到达的accessible t与……接近
Passage 47 House and Home
\
\and \both refer to places where people live. However, there is a difference between them. \is often referred to as the place that we live in with our families. Sadly, in our society, people can hardly distinguish a home from a house because they often see no difference between them. This confusion can be traced back to the indifference between family members. Therefore, we can say that love is an important factor in a home. A home is a shelter, not only for our bodies but also for our minds. Whenever we are depressed, we can go home for comfort. Everyone in the family will
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do his best to take care of each other and share their happiness as well as sorrow. Without love, a home is merely a house where loneliness is all that can be found. And a house can never be a home unless there is love. (163 words)
Useful Words and Expressions: refer to v. 提到，指的是refer a question to an expert非曲直把问题提交给专家（处理）refer sb. to the dictionary 叫某人去查字典He referred his success to the good teaching he had. 他把他的成功归于以前所受的良好教育。distinguish v．区别，辨别distinguish between silk and rayon 分清丝和人造丝People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to becolour-blind．不能分辨颜色的人被称为色盲。confusion n．混乱，混淆trace back to v. 追溯到trace one's family back追溯某人家世trace a rumour to its source 追查谣言的根源indifference n．不关心depressed adj．沮丧的，降低的
Passage 48 Population Growth
It is well-known that there has been a drastic increase in world population. But it is probably less well-known that the extinction rate of wildlife species is experiencing a parallel trend.
Take the United States for instance. In 1990, U.S. population reached an unprecedented level of 250 million, which is approximately 250 times of that of 1800. On the other hand, wildlife species are disappearing from the country at an alarming rate. By 1900, about 70 wildlife species would never be seen in U. S. We are fully justified in declaring that the explosive population growth has had an adverse effect on the survival of wildlife species and will be a constant threat to the wildlife resources if no immediate actions are taken. Nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human spedes is altering the physical and chemical world. It has been demolishing the environment we are living in. (152 words) Useful Words and Expressions: drastic adj.激烈的take drastic measures采取果断措施「激烈手段」a drastic debate激烈的辩论make drastic change 做彻底的改变species n．种类extinction n．消失，消灭Paralell adj．平行的，相同的，类似的trend n．倾向，趋势unprecedented adj．空前的approximately adv．近似地，大约justify v．证明……是正当的explosive adj．爆炸（性）的magnitude n．大小，数量，量级alter v．改变The weather alters almost daily．天气几乎天天变化。demolish vt．毁坏，破坏
Passage 49 Natural Resources
Through the changes in the ways of making a living in a family over several generations, the cartoon aims at sounding a warning against man's wasteful use of natural resources and emphasizing the urgent need to preserve these resources.
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Ever since man appeared on the earth, man's survival has been heavily dependent on nature. Almost everything we use in our everyday life comes from nature, ranging from the food we eat, the water we drink, to the wood which is turned into furniture. With the development of technology and population growth, the amount and range of materials used has increased at an alarming rate.
However, natural resources are not inexhaustible. Some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion and there is no hope of replacing them. The widespread water shortage is an example in point. If man continued to squander natural resources with no thought for the future, the whole world would be in a mess. (157 words) Useful Words and Expressions:
make a living 谋生earn [gain, get, make] one's living 谋生eke out a living勉强维持生活high living 奢侈阔绰的生活scrape a living勉强够维持生活scrounge a living靠乞讨过日子aim at v. 瞄准，针对aim high胸怀大志；力争上游take aim (at)）瞄准warning n．警告，预告give sb. warning 预先通知某人（特指解雇、辞职、退租等）ake warning有所警戒［惕］warning wodS告诫之言alarming adj．使人惊动的，令人担忧的be in a mess乱七八糟，处境狼狈
Passage 50 Reading
Nowadays few of us read books after we leave school.
This is rather disturbing, for one should know that books are no less necessary to one's mental life than fresh air is to one's physical life. From good reading we can derive companionship, experience and instruction. A good book is our faithful friend. It can increase our contentment when we are cheerful and happy, and lessen our pain when we are sad or lonely. Books can also offer us a wide range of experience. Few of us can travel far firom home or live long over 100, but all of us can live many lives through the pages of books. What's more, reading books can increase our intellectual ability, broaden our minds and make us wise. With the coming of TV, books are no longer read as widely as they once were. However, nothing can replace the role that books play in our lives. (154 words)
Useful Words and Expressions:
leave school 离校，中学毕业disturbing adj．使人不安的，烦扰的mental adj．精神的，智力的mental powers智力mental illness精神病mental Patient精神病患者Don't listen to him； he's mental．别听他的，他是个疯子。derive vt．得自，得到derive a conclusion from facts从事实推出结论companionship n．侣伴，交谊 contentment n．满意intellectual 智力的an intellectual book知性的书an intellectual problem需要动脑子解决的问题 an intellectual person 知识分子
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