A:形容词
1、 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常， 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 （错） He is an ill man. （对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl. （对） The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 2. 以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错） She sang lovely.
（错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） Her singing was lovely.
（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如：absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如：back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如：atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。 (4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
B: 副词及其基本用法
1 副词的种类、用法和位置
副词在句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。用来表示时间、场所、状态及程度。 1 副词的种类 1.副词的种类
（1）时间副词
①表示大体时间：now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far ②表示频率：always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally （2）地点副词
①表地点：here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere, nowhere,somewhere.
②表位置关系（后接宾语时，用作介词）：
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over, away,near,off,past
（3）方式副词表示谓语动词\怎样地\，（此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成）： badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently, politely,sadly,properly,rapidly, wrongly,suddenly.
（4）程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much,（a）little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly （5）疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句：how,when, where,why
（6）连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how,when,where,why （7）关系副词 引导定语从句：when,where,why
（8）其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开： frankly（坦率地说,说真的），generally（一般说来），luckily（幸运地是），first of all（首先）等。
1.地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末 注意
地点副词作定语时要后置，不属于这种情况。有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语，放在所修饰词的后边。
The students here are all from China.
I'll wait for you here.（地点副词） 我将在这儿等你。
I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.（时间副词） 明天我将去车站接他。
Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station. 注意
有时为了强调时间，也可把时间副词放在句首。 The boy wrote the homework quickly. （方式副词）
这个男孩子写作业很快。
They did their experiments carefully in the labyesterday.方式 地点时间 昨天他们在实验室认真地做实验。
The students all worked well here last week 这些学生上周在这里都做得很好。
b.修饰形容词、副词时，放在它所修饰的词的前面。 He studies much harder now. 现在他学习努力多了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty persons. （enough修饰形容词）
这个房间够大的可以容纳50人。
He runs fast enough.（enough修饰副词） 他跑得够快的。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 6 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closely
close意思是\近\； closely 意思是\仔细地\ He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2) late 与lately
late意思是\晚\； lately 意思是\最近\ You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately? 3) deep与deeply
deep意思是\深\，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，\深深地\ He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4)high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是\广泛地\，\在许多地方\ He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world. 6) free与freely
free的意思是\免费\；freely 的意思是\无限制地\ You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.
7某些副词在用法上的区别 (1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句;still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如： We've already watched that film. I haven't finished my homework yet. He still works until late every night. (2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。
8 形容词与副词的比较级 ⑴ 规则变化
1.一般在词尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest
2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加-r 或- st Nice-nicer-nicest, large-larger-largest 3.以辅音字母+ 结尾的词，把 y变为i ，再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviest Happy-happier-happiest 4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggest Fat-fatter-fattest
5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more 构成比较级和most 构成最高级 Slowly-more slowly-most slowly Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
⑵ 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 Good/well better best Bad/ill/badly worse Worst Many/much more most little less least
far Farther/further Farther/further
old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
典型例题:
1） ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. 答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。 答案：D。
13. the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示\非常\。 It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.
注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent.
4) \否定词语+比较级\，\否定词语+ so? as\结构表示最高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 14. 和more有关的词组
1) the more? the more? 越??就越??
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.