第七节定语从句（2）
关系副词
1)There was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia(学术界)（2013年12月第2套／第1篇／第1段／第1句）.
2) Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined(神圣化)（2013年12月第2套／第2篇／第4段／第1句）.
who,whom,that,which,whose
关系副词
=preposition(介词)+relative pronoun(关系代词)
例如：where=in which,when=on which,why=for which
Would you please tell me the way to the zoo?
This is the place where(that) I first met her.
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
This is the reason for which (why) he was late for school.
That's the day on which (when) I met him in the street.
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第八节定语从句（3）
1)But Bowman?s supporters argue that Monsanto is trying to expand the
scope of patents in ways that would enrich big corporations and hurt small farmers（2013年12月第3套／第2篇／第4段／第3句）.
2) But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for looking out for the interests of large corporations（2013年12月第3套／第2篇／第5段／第2句）.
非限制性定语从句
3)Nowadays 40 percent of corn grown in the United States is used to pro-duce ethanol（乙醇）,which does absolutely nothing for the climate, but cer-tainly distorts the price of corn—at the expense of many of the world?s poorest people（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第5段／第2句）.
4) They are also hoping the court?s ruling will rein in patent law,
which is increasingly being used to claim new life forms as private property.（2013年12月第1套／第2篇／第2段／第4句）.
5) We have, and that case is Bowman v. Monsanto, which is being argued on Tuesday.（2013年12月第1套／第2篇／第2段／第2句）
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第九节同位语从句
同位语：
解释说明作用用名词来解释名词对等成分
1) At some point in 2008,someone, probably in either Asia or Africa, made the decision to move from the countryside to the city（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第1句） 没有从句
2)They are a vital part of an array of data（that we主语 use （）to assess if 是否we?re doing well or doing badly）, and thatin turn（转而）shapes govern-ment policies and corporate budgets and personal spending decisions（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第2句） That 定从可以省略在定从中不做主语做宾语 If 宾从
That 代词表示上文的那个
他们是我们用来判断我们做的好还是坏的数据
3) Directionally, they capture the trends, but the idea that we know precisely how many are unemployed is a myth（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第3句）
the idea that we know precisely（ how many are unemployed） is a myth. that 同位语从句
特征是一般由that 引导不能省略并且that 不在同位语从句中担当成分。 the idea( that he put forward )is a myth 定语从句
we know precisely（ how many are unemployed） (he put forward 少宾语 )不完整 he put forward an idea.
4) But the idea that statisticians can then capture an objective reality isn?t just impossible.（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第5段／第2句）
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数据学家可以抓住客观事实这个想法是有可能的。
statisticians 主语can then capture谓语 an objective reality宾语 同位语从句
表示“事实想法依据证据原因”后面基本都是同位语从句
5) Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed to the idea （that humans can transcend what were once considered inherent limitations）（2013年12月第1套／第2篇／第5段／第2句）.
马丁路德金和约翰肯尼迪都认同人类可以超越曾被认为是极限的事情。
同位语从句+宾语从句
Humans主语 can transcend 谓语（what were once considered inherent li-mitations）宾语
6)
While it seems that at birth virtually everyone has perfect pitch, the reasons that one child is better than another are motivation and practice（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第3句）.
the reasons( that one child is better than another) are motivation and practice.
one child is better than another
The excuse that he didn?t catch the bus is not true. 同位语从句
The excuse that he gave is not true. 定语从句 许密杉
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1.主语从句
2宾语从句动词+句子 3表语从句 4状语从句， 5定语从句名词+句子 6同位语从句
（What he believedin）is the idea that human beingswho have interest in what their ancestors invented can surpass any difficulties, which is what I try to study，though he was laughed by many people.
他所相信的观点是：对于自己祖先的发明非常感兴趣的人类有克服一切苦难的可能，这也是我正研究的内容，尽管他的想法是很多人所不齿的。 主语从句What he believed
同位语从句the idea that human beings who have interest in what their ances-tors invented can surpass any difficulties
定语从句 human beings who have interest in what their ancestors invented 宾语从句have interest in what their ancestors invented 表语从句 what I try to study.
状语从句though he was laughed by many people 非限制性定从 , which is what I try to study.
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