A.have B.watch C.be D.play (我发觉学好英语是很有用的) 24.not...until (连词)方才，才 ②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest. A.be find +宾语 +名词eg.I find him a good boy. (我发现他是个eg.He says that he won't be free until tomorrow.他说他需到明天B.have C.be on D.on 2.so,neither引导的倒装句,为了避免和前一句话的内容重复，英语中习惯用so,neither引导的倒装句。 a.So+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。 eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too. b.Neither+be(助动词，情态动词)＋主语，表示某人也不。 eg.Mother has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either.
c.So＋主语＋be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同), 请
同学们与a.区别。 eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room. 3.It's+时间+since动词过去式。自从...起已有...时间了。 ⑴It's two weeks since we met last.(自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了) ⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有
多久了
4.祈使句+and (那么)...eg.Go straight on and you'll see a
school.=If you go straight on, you'll see a school. 5.祈使句+or...否则...eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. =If you don't work hard, you'll fall behind the
other
6. The+比较级...，the+比较级... 越...越...
eg.⑴The more, the better. 越多越好。 ⑵The harder you work on it, the better you'll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。) 7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？) 8.What...do with...?怎样对付...?怎样处理...? 虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how. eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:I've just returned it to the library. 9.I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？ I don't know how to do. × 10.What...be like?...是什么样的？ eg.⑴What's the weather like? 天气如何？⑵What's your school
like? 你们学校是什么样的？
11.What...for?为何目的？为什么？eg.What do you want a
science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab?
12.one of +最高级＋复数 最...之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the
most popular teachers.
13.find it +形容词+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well.
好男孩.) find +宾语 +形容词 eg.I find the door open/closed. (我发现门开/关着) I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我发现我们的包装满了礼物) 14.I don't think+肯定句 我想...不 eg.I don't think I'll take it. (我想我不买它了) 请注意:中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。 15.prefer A to B=like A better than B 更喜欢A不怎么喜欢B. eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken
16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth. 特别注意:had better后面跟be动词词组,不可漏掉be.eg.You'd better catch a train. You'd better not talk in class.You'd better not be late for the class. 17.It is good (nice)of+宾格+to do sth.
eg.It is very good of you to teach me English. (你教我英语真是太好了) 18.It takes sb. some time to do sth.(干某事化费某人多少时间) =sb.spend some time on sth. (in) doing sth.eg.It took me half an hour to do the work.
=I spent half anhourin doing the work. 19.sb.pay 钱 for 物 某物化费了某人多少钱=sb.spend 钱 on 物 =物 cost sb.钱 , pay的过去式为paid 而不是payed. eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat. =I spent thirty yuan on the coat. =The coat cost me thirty yuan. 20.have been to 某人曾去过某地,现在人不在那儿 sb.have been in +地点 某人呆在某地(一段时间) have gone to 某人已去某地,人不在这儿 21.⑴ too?形容词(副词)+to?\太?而不能\太?以致于不\eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 这篮子太重我拿不动。 ②This colour TV is too expensive for us to buy. 这台彩电对我们来说太贵了，买不起。 ⑵so...that 如此...以致于...上面的too...to结构的句子，可以换成so...that 引导的句子转换。①The basket is so heavy that I can't carry it. ②This colour TV is so expensive that we can't afford it. 22.What's the population of ...? ...人口有多少？ 不说How much population in...?形容人口数量的大用large eg.The population of China is ten times as large as that of the USA 23.I've come to return your pan. (我跑来是还你锅的) →Why have you come? 而不用What 方才有空。 肯定句＋until 到 eg.You'd better wait until tomorrow. (你最好等到明天) 25.neither...nor... 既不...也不... either...or... 或者...或者... eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word \ Either you or she is right. (谓语动词就近原则) both...and... 两者都... eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One (主语看作复数) 练习题： 1.-Where is Mary? -Oh, she _____ the librory. A.has gone to B.went to C.has been to D.had gone to 2.He knew little about the film ____ he saw it yesterday evening. A.if B.since C.until D.because 3.I____ change his mind. Don't worry, He'll surely come to get it. A.think he won't B.think he will C.don't think he won't D.don't think he will 4.- _____do you_____ the TV play? - Not bad, I think. A.How;think of B.What;like C.How;like D.What;think 5. I _____ have a good time _____ the party. A.hope you will;at B.like you; on C.hope you to ;in D.want you that; from 完成句子： 1.中国有多少人口，中国的人口大约是世界人口的四分之一。 _____ the population of China?
It's about _____ ______ of the world's population. 2.门铃一直响着，直到门被林涛打开才停。 The doorbell ______ _____until the door was opened by Lin Tao. 3.午饭后他休息了一会儿，我也休息了一会儿。 He had a short rest after lunch, and ______ ______ I. 4.史密斯夫妇离开他们的家乡已有十多年时间了。 ______ more than ten years ____ Mr and Mrs Smith left their home town.
5.公共汽车里挤得几乎连站的地方都没有. The bus was_____ crowded that there was hardly ______ standing room in it. 思考题： 1、做饭花了她半个小时。 It ___ ____ half an hour ___ ___ some cooking. =I ______ half an hour _______ some cooking. 2、你真好，经常在数学上帮助我。 It’s really nice _____ you to ____ me _____ my ______. 3、Lily跑得不快，赢不了比赛。
Lily ______ run quickly _____ ______ _____ the race.=Lily ____ ____ ___ ___ ____the race.
B:回答相同4.感谢和应答 表示感谢 通常回答 sth. ? 回答: OK. Good idea.
Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. 17.禁止和警告 1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... 4、在美术课上做一张教师节卡片怎样？
_____ ____ _____ a Teachers‘ Day card ____ the art lesson? 5、足球是我校最受欢迎的运动项目之一。
Football is ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ games in our school. Have 的两种特殊句型
have是英语中最活跃的动词之一，它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting（开会），have a rest（休息），have a class（上课）等。你可知道have构成的两种特殊句型吗？不看不知道，一看就明了。
1．have＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式
该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”去做某事。此时的宾语与省略to的不定式（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I would have you buy a new bike． 我想让你买辆新自行车。We can＇t have the car stop． 我们无法让汽车停下来。
2．have＋宾语＋过去分词
该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”被??。此时的宾语与过去分词（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。如： I＇ll have my hair cut tomorrow．
我明天要理发。They have just had their car repaired．他们刚找人把车修理了一下。
注意：大多数情况下，这两种句型之间可以互换。如： 1）He had me wash the table cloth．→He had the table cloth washed．
2) The man had the bike mended．→ The man had someone mend the bike．
练习：根据汉语意思，完成英语句子，每空一词。 1．你应该找人建一座房子。
You should have someone＿＿＿＿＿a house． You should have a house＿＿＿＿＿．
2．现在我们请下一位演讲者到前面来。 Now we＇ll have the next speaker＿＿＿＿＿to the front． 3．你必须让人把这些书送到教室去。
You must have these books＿＿＿＿＿ to the classroom 情景交际英语（一）
1.问候： ⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ?
Nice to meet you. B:回答相同 ⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you.
2.介绍： ⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student.
3.告别 A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.
Many thanks. That's all right. Thanks for helping me. You're welcome. 5.祝愿、祝贺和应答 ⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you. ⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you. ⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you. 6.道歉和应答 A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you. B:It doesn't matter. It's not important. That's nothing. 7.遗憾和同情 What a pity!I'm sorry to hear that.
8.邀请和应答 A:Would you like to ? ? B:Yes, I'd love
to.
9.提供帮助和应答
A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my
bike. Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks. That's very kind of you. 10.请求允许 ⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right. ⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或Never mind. 11.表示同意和不同意 (1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK. That's a good idea. I agree with you. (2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you. 12.表示肯定和不肯定 1: I'm sure. I'm sure that... 2:
I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.
13.喜欢和厌恶 1: I like /love...(very much) I like /love to... 2: I don't like to... I hate to ...
14. 问时间、日期的应答 A:What day is it?
B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.
A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's
time to ...
15.请求 (1): Can/could you...for me? Will/would you please do
sth.? May I have...?
(2): Please give/pass me... Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.
16.劝告和建议 1:You'd better... You should... You need to...
2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . What/How about doing
you'll ... 2:Take care.=Be careful. 18.表示感情 A:喜悦 Great!That's nice. I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦虑 What's wrong? What's the matter with you?I'm/He's/She's worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:惊奇 Really?Oh, dear!Is that so? 19.约会 A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning? Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate? B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All right.See you
then. 20.语言困难 Pardon?Please say that more slowly again. What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English. 21.表示称赞： A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you. 22.常见的标志和说明 BUSINESS HOURS NO PHOTOS OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP OPEN CLOSED PULL PUSH EXIT ENTRANCE 营业时间 禁止拍照 办公时间 这边向上 开 关
1.-Would you like to go to the zoo with us? ____. A.Yes, please. B.That's true. C.Yes, I'd love to. D.Quite well. 2.-I've done quite well in the exam this term. -___ __. A.I don't know. B.Congratulations. C.So do I. D.Go on, please. 3.If your friend tells you that he is ill, you may say\__\
A.Excuse me. B.I'm sorry to hear that. C.It doesn't matter. D.I don't think so. 4.-Have a good journey, Alice. A.All right B.Thanks a lot. C.Very good D.Much better 5.The sign\ A.on a box B.in the street C.in a cinema D.in a park 思考题： 1.-Thank you for your help. -__ ___ A.All right. B.That's all right. C.That's right. D.It's very kind of you. 2.-Do you mind if I close the window? -____ __
A.No, I mind. B.Yes, I don't mind. C. No, not at all. D.Yes, I'm afraid not. 3.-Help yourself to some apples.-__ A.I don't like it. B.Sorry, I can't help it.
C.Never mind. D.Thank you very much.
4.-Tom will take care of our cat while we're away. -____ A．Fine, thank you. B.I'll do it myself. C.That's very kind of him. D.It doesn't matter. 5.-You speak English quite well. -__ __ A.I don't think so. B.You don't say so. C.No, I don't speak well. D.Thank you. 动词的时态与语态的综合运用
确定正确的时态
1.根据时间状语确定时态.时间状语与时态有着密切的关系.
a. I ________ (write) now. b. I ______(lose) my pen
yesterday.
c. We ___________ (study) English for two years. 2.根据上下文来确定时态 有些句子没有明显的时间状语,又不能用时态呼应规则来对照,这时就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系,确定正确时态. A.Where are the twins? B.They ______ (go) to visit Uncle Wang. 3.根据主从句的关系来确定时态. 4.根据语言习惯来确定时态 *1.come,go,leave 等趋向性动词的进行时可用来表示即将发生的动作. *2.永恒的真理和客观存在的状态用一般现在时.
*3.祈使句中,或在情态动词,助动词后,谓语动词用原形
Don't _____ (read)in the sun , will you? You'd better _____
(stay)at home since it's raining outside.
注意所填动词的语态 Today both basketball and volleyball _________(play) in many countries. 确定动词的形式 1. be busy,what about等后用动词的-ing 形式. 2.在介词后一般应用动词的-ing 形式. 3.在 keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等动词后采用动词的--ing 形式. 4.在动词 decide,hope,wish,hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask, tell,want,teach 之后则用动词不定式的复合结构,即 “ask sb. to do sth.”的形式
5.在see,hear,watch,make,let等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省略动词不定式符号“ to”, 但在被动句中, 应添上\ 6.在 It‘s time(for sb.)to do sth. It's kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中, 动词不定式短语作句子真正的主语. 7.疑问代词/副词 (why 除外) + to do sth. 结构,可在句中作主语, 表语和宾语. 练习题：
1.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ________(blow) the earth away. 2.Mr Smith kept on _____ (ask) the players to remember-----TEAMWORK 3.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know how ____ (do) the problem. 4.The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him ______ (carry) it for her. 5.用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave,look的适当形式填空: (1).WangHai is a good comrade.He always does his best ________others. (2).Dig the hole big enough,or the trees can‘t ___________well . (3).It's time for class.Let's stop _______to the teacher. (4).Her face turned red when she _______ to sing a song for all of
us. (5).She is older than Mary but ________much younger. (6).--I can't find my keys.--Maybe you ___________ them at home. (7).We waited in the next room while they ____________a meeting.
(8).Hurry up.You __________the train if you don't. 思考题： 用 send,show,turn,cost,write,fly,get,stop,see,do,hear,go 的适当形式填空 1.____ you ___ each other since you left school ten years ago? 2.What ___they ___at 8:00 yesterday evening. 3.The Smiths are getting ready ___to Australia for their holdiay. 4.The beautiful jacket___too much , doesn't it? 5.Lucy and Lily were playing cards when they ___ a loud knock at the door.
6.The radio says the rain ___later on. 7.The boy ___to hospital as soon as the traffic accident happened. 8.Today films___in English everywhere in the world. 9.It's summer now.The days___longer and the nights shorter. 10.Mother ___ to Shanghai and she'll be back in a week or so. 动词的时态（上） A: 一般现在时棗通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。 结构 ：1）be动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。 有一顺口溜体现了它的用法： 我是am你是are ，is跟着他她它, 复数都用are 肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他 否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他 疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语 +
am/ is /are
(否) No,主语 + am /is/are not缩写形式: I'm == I am That's ==That is We're ==We are What's== What is You're == You are Who's == Who is They're ==They are Where's ==Where is He's ==He is isn't==is not She's ==She is aren't==are not It's == It is 2）行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词 词尾加-s或-es 肯定式:主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数 ， 否定式:主语+助动词 don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他 疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't == do not doesn't ==does not 注意：have的第三人称单数为has 用法： 1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用, eg. He has a brother. 2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun. 3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作 . eg. Here comes the train. 4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时 . eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow. B:一般过去时棗表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。 结构： 1.动词的第一、三有称单数用,其他人称用,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。 2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加或,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。 肯定式:主语+动词的过去式 + 其他 eg. I got up at six this morning. 否定式:主语 + did not + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.John
didn't live here last year. 疑问式:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.Did you see him a moment ago? 简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语 +did (否)No , 主语 + didn't. 用法 ：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态. eg.My father was at work yesterday. 2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用. eg.He always went to work by bus last summer. 3.和when等连词引导的状语从句连用. eg.When she reached
home, she had a short rest. 4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如? ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用. 注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如 love, like, prefer, hate, eg.They began the work two months ago. see, know等一般不用现在进行时. eg. Lucy prefers art to Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was. science. C:一般将来时棗表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 练习题： 结构： 助动词shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，1.Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center ___ . a.once a week
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, 一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人
称时，也用will 肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他
否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他.
疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主
语+shall/will . (否)No,主语+shall/will+not ? 缩写形式: 'll ==shall/will shan't== shall not won't == will not 用法: 1.表示将要发生的动 作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等. eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year. Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005. 2.表示某种必然的趋势 eg. Fish will die without water. 解析： 1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议
和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求. eg. Where shall we have the meeting?
Will you please lend me your pen?
2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等.
eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your
birthday.
3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来
时. eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there. 4.be
going to +动词原形也可表示将来时.
(1).表示主观意愿.打算等. eg. He's going to learn English next
term.
(2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况 eg. Look at the black
clouds! ----It is going to rain.
D:现在进行时棗表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。
结构： am/is/are + 动词的-ing形式
用法： 1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语
有:now,at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与 look,
listen连用.
eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next room. 2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. eg. They are planting trees these days. 3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.
b. in a week c. next week d. for a week 2.Be quiet! The baby ________ (sleep) in the next room. 3.Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he ______ (meet) her in her office tomorrow.
4.The bell for the class rang while they ___________ (play) on
the playground. 5.Lucy said it ___________ (rain) later on. 思考题: 1.The Chinese people ____(work) hard to make their country stronger and more beautiful. 2.He'll write to you as soon as he _____ (arrive ) in Hainan. 3.The students of Class One ___(have)a meeting from three to five yesterday afternnon. 4.The sky is black. It ____ (rain), I'm afraid. 5.If it ___(not
snow)tomorrow,we'll go skating 6.Mr and Mrs Green____(travel)to the south of China next
week,aren't they? 7.I___(not see)the film with you because I've seen it already. 8.He told us that he_____(stay)here till the next week. 9.I_____(lose)my pen this morning. I haven't found it yet. 动词的时态（下） G:现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。 结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词 用法: 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days,today,this year,so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了) 2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词. 解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中. begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long
句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词 常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下 come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear
leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold
join the army----be in the army be a soldier join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to,gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never等连用. eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)
gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,
eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示现在她人不在这里) been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days,since I came here等连用.
eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there. 4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等连用一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系. 5.现在完成时中的 for 与 since
for + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
6. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother
joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时 2.when 引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用. 3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has 练习题: 1.It's a long time since we ____ (meet) last,isn't it? 2.--I know you _______ (choose) a picture book among these. --Yes,Have a look at it, please. 3.So far,spaceships without people _______ (reach) the moon and
some other partsof the universe.
4.My father____ home for nearly three weeks.
A.has gone away from B.has left C.has been away from D.went away 5.Mr and Mrs Green have_____in China for a week. A.been B.got C.arrived D.reached 6.--Where's Mary? --Oh,she _____the library. A.has gone to B.went to C.has been to D.had gone to H:过去完成时棗表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作 结构： 助动词had + 动词的过去分词 用法： 1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为“过去的过去“.表示过去某一时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示. eg. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words. He had finished his homework before his father came back last night. 2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去. eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.(注意) 否定式 had not == hadn't 时态的呼应 1.主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态, he wants to speak to the headmaster. He said that he won't be free tomorrow. he
came last night.
2.主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,从句中的谓语动词一
般情况下要用过去时态的某种形式. He said that he was
working hard on his Chinese.
he had a very good journey home. he hadn't bought the
present yet.
he would stop in Moscow on the way. 3.如果从句所述内容是客
观真理,则谓语动词总是用一般现在时,而不受主句中谓语动
词时态的影响.
eg. Miss Gao told us that light travels much faster than sound. 4.时间或条件状语从句中,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时. eg.Stop talking when the headteacher ______(walk)into the classroom. Jim won't watch TV until he ___ (finish) his homework every time. 练习题： 1.They were so pleased to see each other that they almost ____ (forget) everything else around. 2. The girl put on her dress and then _______ (go) to the mirror to look at herself. 思考题： 1.I____(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use yours? 2.Who's Jack London? I ___ never ____ (hear) of that man
before.
3.I'm afraid I ___ (keep) you waiting for such a long time. 4.--Where ___ you___ (be)? --I'm looking for you all the
time.
5.____they____ (know) each other when they were young? 6.The baby will cry if she ___ (not see) her mother
动词的语态
动词的语态---表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语
态，分为主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作
的承受者
一、被动语态
结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分
词.
be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样. 一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词 一般过去时 was/were +及物动词的过去分词 一般将来时 will +be +及物动词的过去分词 现在完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词 2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词 否定式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成 疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成. 用法: 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者. eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 2.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者(宾格)来表示. eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.
注 意点： 1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.
2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine. 3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about be made of/from be known to 4.dictionary sells well. 某些动词形式是主动语态
,但含有被动的意思. eg. This This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $ 88. 5. 主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系
主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(动作执行者) (动作承受者) 被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者 (动作承受者) 1）主动句如何变为被动句 a.找到动作的承受者(常为主动句的宾语)作被动句的主语.b.找到谓语变为be + 过去分词的结构. c.找到动作的执行者(常为主动句的主语)作 by 的宾语.若不必指出动作的执行者,可省去 by 短语. d.确定be动词的时态.数. 例如: She makes the beautiful kites. The beautiful kites are made by her. (被动句) 2）被动句如何变为主动句. a.找到动作的执行者(常为被动句的宾语)作主动句的主语. b.找到be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形. c.找到动作的承受者(常为被动句的主语)作主动句的宾语. d.确定及物动词的时态.数(注意)在以上转换中,代词作主语用主格, 代词作宾语用宾格. 6.主动语态中有些动词如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态要带上to He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him. 7.主动语态中若有双宾语,变为被动语态时, 通常把指人的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语. His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday. 练习题: 把下列句子变为被动句: 1.They asked me to come a little later. →I ___ _____ to come a little later. 2.Women often talk about food and clothes. →Food and clothes