In the centre of London there is a tall white building with the name “Bush House”.在伦敦市中心有一座白色的高层建筑物,名叫“布什大厦”。
There was a terrible big fire last year in the centre of the city.去年,市中心发生了一场可怕的大火。
in the middle of在表示“中间”的意思时,指跟两边或各边,两端或各端等距离的部分,还可以指时间方面的“中间”或表示程度的“中间”。
I am in the middle of the great forest in South America.我现在是在南美洲这个大森林的中部。 She telephoned me in the middle of (the) night.她在半夜打电话给我。 (6)表示“沿着”的介词up,down,along。
① 表示动作时up表示“由下而上”“沿着而上”;down表示“沿着而下”, along表示“沿着”,
即从一端到另一端。
The boy jumped quickly up the tree.男孩很快地爬上了树。 We went down the hill before sunset.我们在日落之前下了山。
We walked along the river.我们沿着河走。
② 进城、从南方到北方、从沿海到内陆、从市区到宅区用up;出城、从北方向南方、从内陆到沿海
用down。
He went up north for summer.他到北方避暑。 She went down south for winter.她到南方过冬。 另外,他们还有如下区别:
③ up有“欢乐”的意味,指情绪的高涨;down有忧伤的意思,指情绪低落。 ④ up表示速度的“快、高”;down表示速度的“慢、低”。 ⑤ up 表示情况的好转、上升;down表示情况“差、劣、下降”。 ⑥ up表示“扩大、增强”;down表示“缩小,减少”。
(7)表示“前、后”的介词before,in front of,in the front of。
①在现代英语中,我们一般不用before这个介词来表示地点,而用in front of。before在谈到次序的排列(如名单等);表示“在(某重要人物)面前”; 用于right my eyes,before my very eyes(在我面前公开地)等词组中也可用来指地点。
There is a car parked right in front of our gate, and we can't get out!一辆小汽车正好停在我丫山门口,我们都出不去了。
Your name comes before mine.你的名字在我前头。
I came up before the magistrates for dangerous driving last week.上星期我因开车冒险而被法院传坏,
②in front of表示“在(某一物体)前面”,而in the front of表示”在??范围内的前部”。
He likes sitting in the front of the car.他坐车总喜欢坐在前面。
The teacher is standing in the front of our classroom, speaking.老师正站在教室前面讲话。 (8)表示“方位”的介词in,to,on。
in表示在某一地域之内的某方位(属于该范围);to表示在某一地域地区之外的某方位(不属于该范围);on表示与某地相邻的关系。这三个词表达位置关系恰似数学中圆的”包含(in)、相离(to),相切(on)关系。注意:比较指的是行政单位。
Taiwan is in the southeast of China.台湾位于申国东南部。 England lies to the west of France.英国位于法国的西面。 Hunan is on the east of Guizhou.湖南在贵州的东面。 巧记表示方位的介词 in,on,to表示方位时容易用混淆。下面的图示能帮你辨别其用法。 北 西 东 B C D A 南 B is in the east of A C is on the east of A D is to the east of A 3、表手段、方法或工具的介词 (1)by; in; with
三者均可表示“用、以”的意思,但用法不同。 ①by
by 相当于by means of或by dint of意为“凭、靠、以”后常接通讯工具(无冠词);交通工具(无冠词);其他名词(无冠词);动名词,表示以某种方法、方式做某事。 She earned money by writing. 她靠写作挣钱。 We went by air. 我们乘飞机走。
Then, one of the five fighters sent a message back to the town by radio.然后,其中一个战士用无线电给城里发回一条信息。 by构成的短语:
by way of 取道(通过,以??方式),by surprise出其不意,by right按理,by heart书籍,by leaps and bounds飞快地,by no means决不,by trade(profession) 职业是,by rote死板地,by word of mouth口头,by hook or by crook不择手段,by force凭武力,by halves不完全(半途而废),by any means总之,by all means一定,by fair means or foul不择手段,by rule of thumb凭经验 ②in
a.后接单数名词无冠词表示书写方式in pen(pencil, ink);用with时,两个或两个以上的名词并列市场不用冠词
Please write your name in ink, not in pencil.请用墨水些,勿用铅笔写。 He was told to write with a pencil.有人告诉他用铅笔写。
It's impolite to write a letter in red. 用红笔写信是不礼貌的。
b.表示行为方式,意为“以??,按照??”也用于表示表达方法,一般多与一些抽象化了的名词搭配,表示用某种方式、语言、风格等
You shouldn't have treated the matter in the wrong way.你不该用错误的方式来对待这件事。 An English teacher should try to teach in English. 英语教师应尽量用英语教学。 ③with和by的区别 a. with表示所使用的具体工具或手段,by表示方法、方式。在被动语态中,用by表示行为者,用with表示工具。
We hear with our ears.我们用耳朵听。
These woolen socks were knitted by hand.这双袜子是手工针织的。
b. with表示有形的器皿、工具的内容;by表示无形的手段,后接动名词表示某种方式。 True friendship can not be bought with money. 真正的友谊是无法用金钱买到的。 Learn to swim by swimming.在游泳中学习游泳。
The street was lighted with electric lights.(有形的) The street was lighted by electricity.(无形的)
c. with可以引出抽象的行为者,如感性、意见、思考、状态、疾病等,而by则不可。 You must do the work with more care.你工作要再细心些。
Bob behaved towards Kate with too great familiarity.鲍勃对凯特过分亲昵。 4、表示价格、比率、标准、对比或速度的介词 (1)at
at 可以用来表示价值、价格、比率或速度。
It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 The apples were sold at a high price.那些苹果以高价卖出了。 (2)by
用来表示度量单位,意为“以??计,按??计算”。这些名词往往是单数,名词前加the;数词时可以用复数,这时不加the。by retail(零售),by auction(拍卖),by wholesale(批发)等中的名词前不加the。还可以表示数量、空间、时间的相差。
They sold apples by weight.他们按重量卖苹果。 Eggs are sold by dozen.鸡蛋按打出售。
He missed the target by an inch.他一寸之差未射中目标。 (3)表比较的介词as, like, over, above等。
以表示“像??”as作连词,引导比较状语从句;从句中的动词或整个谓语部分往往可以省略。
She would like to have a dress like the one you are wearing.他想买一件像你身上穿的一样的连衣裙。
Do you think that art is as interesting as music? 你认为艺术和音乐一样有趣吗?
注意: as和like都可作介词,译为“像??一样”,但有区别:as侧重同一性,强调属同一类或完全相似;like侧重于比较,是比喻,并不意味着同一类或完全相似。
Then I made faces jumped like a monkey.接着我做鬼脸,并像猴子一样跳来跳去。 She spoke of me as her dearest friend.她谈起我就像我是她最亲密的朋友似的。 (4)to
to表示比较常用再senior, junior, interior, superior, prior, anterior, posterior后;还可以表示“碧、对比,增加到,减少至,配给”等;以及prefer结构中。
She is senior to everyone else in the company.她在公司里的地位比其他人都高。
She prefers tea to coffee.与咖啡相比,他更喜欢喝茶。 5、表示进行意义的介词
借此in, at, on, under等可与一些名词(多为动作名词)搭配,表示正在进行的意义,或表示处于的某种状态、活动之中,大多都相当于进行时态所表示的动作。 (1)at+名词
at table在吃饭,at issue在讨论,at press早排印,at work在工作,at play在玩耍,at war在交战,at grass在吃草,at food在吃饭 (2)in + (the)+名词+of
in dispute在争议中,in bloom在开花,in play在转动,in motion在运动,in use 在使用,in the act of, in practice在实践中 (3)on+(the)+名词
on service在服役,on holiday在度假,on fire在着火,on strike在罢工,on show在展出,on sale 在出售,on trial在受审,on duty值班,on call待命,on the air在播送,on the fly在飞行 (4)under+名词
under test在检测中, under development发展中, under construction建设中, under repair修理中, under consideration在考虑, under way(在进行),under arms在备战 6、表除去的介词
but, except, except for, besides等。 (1)besides
作“除了??以外,还有??”解,它强调部分包括在整体之内。
Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him.出了他的妻子外,他的女儿也去看过他。 Do you know any other foreign language besides English?除了英语外,你还懂会的语言吗?
Does John know any other foreign language besides French?除了法语外,约翰还会别的语言吗? Everybody else laughed besides John. (John包括everybody之内)除了约翰外,其它每个人都笑了。 (2)but(prep.)
作“除了??外”解,相当于except,but常与否定词next,last及部分形容词最高级连用后接名词、代词和不定式。
I did nothing but write a letter this morning.今天早晨除写了一封信外,我什么都没有做。 He wanted nothing but to have a chance to try it. 除了有机会试一试外,他别无所求。
注意:but后接不定式时,何时带to要依据前面动词是否有do而定。即有do不带to,无do要带忙。(看上述例如) (3)except
作”除??以外”解,强调从整体中除去一部分,后可接名词、代词或从句。多指对同类事物的排除。 Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao.除了林涛外,大家都到齐了。
The suit fitted him well except that the color was a little brighter.出了颜色有点艳外,这件衣服他穿着很合适。
I would buy the suit, except that it costs too much.如果不是它售价太高的话,我本想买下那件衣服。
(4)except for
作”除了??外,只??”解。它强调从整体中排除一部分,是对主语的内容起到修正的作用,指对非同类事物的。
Your composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. (composition与mistakes不同类)你的作文写得很好 ,除了几处拼写错误。
He can answer all the questions except for the last one.他除最后一道题之外的所有问题都会回答。
7、表示“通过、经过”的介词across, through和over。
这三个介词across; over和through都可作“通过、穿过”解,但侧重点不同。across的含义与on有关,表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的;through的含义与in有关,表示动作是在某一物体的空间里进行;over表示动作在某物体的上方进行,译为“越过”。
It took them six weeks to walk across the great desert.他们花了六周时间才走过那个大沙漠。 The students walked through the gates with Uncle Wang.学生们和王大叔一起穿过大门。 We can't travel through the forest by road.我们不能从陆路穿过森林。
Then we took off over a part of forest.随后我们的飞机起飞了,飞过部分森林上空。 8、表示行为对象的at和to。
一般来讲,at同某些动词连用,常表示攻击的目标,含有某种程度的恶意;to若只表示方向,并无恶意可言。
I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.我把球扔给他,他用球向狗砸去。
The new soldier shot at the target, but missed it again.新兵瞄准靶子射击,但又没有射中。 9、between和among表示”在??之间”。
在标准英语中,一般用between表示”两者之间”,用among表示”三者或三者以上之间”。 This is a secret. Keep it between the two of us.这是秘密,只限你我。 She is standing among a crowd of students.她站在一群学生中间。 What's the difference between the two words?这两个词有什么不同?
注意:在现代英语中,between有时也可用于三个以上的事物,特别是这些事物有清楚确切的位置时;在divide,share后的状语是几个并列的单数名词时,用between;若后面的状语是复数名词时,可用between,也可用among;谈到事物之间 的差别时 ,用 between。说到三者以上每两者之间的关系时,用between。 Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间 。
He divided the apples between his son, his daughter, and his niece.他把苹果分给了儿子、女儿和侄女。
He divided the apples between (among) his four children.他把苹果分给了四个孩子。 What's the difference between them?他们有什么区别?
Understanding between nations is very important.相互理解在国际间很重要。 10、case 构成的介词短语
in case, in that case, in any case, in no case, in case of sth., in the case of (1)in case
表示“因为可能发生某事、以防万一”的意思,是介词短语,在句中作状语,常放在句尾;也可用作连词后跟that从句,表示条件或目的,从句谓语习惯于用 “should+动词原形或陈述语气”。
It may rain. you'd better take an umbrella(just) in case (it does).可能会下雨,你 最好带把雨伞以防万一。
He doesn't dare to leave the house in case (that) he should be recognized.他不敢离开那栋房子,是怕被人认出。
I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some in case.我认为我不需要钱,但带点以防万一。
John may phone tonight. I don't want to go out in case he phone.约翰可能打电话。我不想出去了以防万一。
(2)in that case 表示“既然那样讲、若是那样的话” 用来承接上文。
In that case, you wouldn't have a pan on fire. You'd have a house on fire! 要是那样,你就不只是使锅着火,你还会把房子烧起来。
(3)in any case表示“无论如何、总之”的意思。
In any case, it is rather unfair of him to do that.不管怎样他那样做是不恰当的 。
(4)in no case表示“在任何情形下决不、无论如何都不”的意思,用于句首,句子要进行部分倒装。 In no case shall I forget the expression on her face.我决不会忘记她脸上的表情。
(5)in case of sth.表示“若发生某事 ;如果,假如”的意思,是短语介词,后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语;in the case of表示 “至于,就 ?? 来说”的意思 ,是短语介词。 In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 遇上火警时立刻按警铃。
In case of his being absent, we'll put off the meeting till next week.如果他不来 ,我们就把会议推迟到下一周。
In the case of your debt, I'll pay it off for you.至于你的欠款,我会替你还清的。 11、with的复合结构
(1)with+名词/代词+介词短语,在句中常作状语或定语。
And then I saw a lovely diamond necklace with a big blue stone in the centre. 后来,我看中了一条美丽的中间镶嵌着一颗很大的蓝宝石的钻石项链。
He stood there with a book in his hand.他手里拿着一本书站在哪里。 (2)with+名词/代词+形容词,在句中常作状语。
It is bad manners to speak with your mouth full. 吃着东西和别人讲话是不礼貌的。 He likes to sleep with the window open.他喜欢开着窗户睡觉。 (3)with+名词/代词+名词,在句中作定语或状语。
He died with his son yet a school boy. 他死的时候,他的儿子还是一个学生。
(4)with+名词/代词+现在分词,在句中常作状语。其中现分词表示主动或正在进行的动作。
In parts of Asia, you mustn't sit with your feet pointing at another person.在亚洲的某些地区,你不可以坐着把脚晓起来对着别人。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带入,两手绑在背后。 He fell asleep with his radio still working. 他睡着了,收音机还在响。
(5)with+名词/代词+过去分词,在句中常作状语。其中过去分词表示被动或完成了的动作。 With the problem solved, we all felt very happy. 问题解决了,我们都很高兴。 Peter stood for a moment with his hand still raised. 彼得举着手站了一会儿。 (6)with+名词/代词·+动词不定式,在句中常作状语,其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。
With the teacher to help us, we will make greater progress. 在老师的帮助下,我们会取得更大的进步。
(7)with+名词(代词)+副词,在句中常作状语。
He went out with no hat on.他没戴帽子就出去了。
He had to go to bed with the film over.电影放完了,他得去睡觉。
With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.产量提高了百分之六十,这件公司又迎来了一个丰收年。 九、介词与其他词类的搭配
介词和动词、形容词、名词等构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面,常常要求特定的介词,这些都属于习惯用法,须多加注意。 1、介词与动词的搭配
laugh at 嘲笑?? look forward to 盼望?? depend on 依靠?? go on with 继续?? look for寻找?? worry about为??担心 agree with 同意?? ask for请求??
belong to属于?? hear from 收到??的来信 listen to 听?? look after照料?? care for喜欢??;关心?? wait for等待??
leave for动身去?? answer for 对??负责
operate on 对??动手术 account for,说明??的原因 aim at瞄准?? call on拜访某人
complain of抱怨?? come across偶然遇见?? deal with 处理?? consist of由??组成 engage in 从事于?? die of/from 死于?? live on 以??为生 insist on 坚持?? prepare for为??做准备 object to反对??
put up with 忍受?? prevent?from 阻止?? send for派人去请?? refer to指??;查阅?? suffer from 患??病 stand for 代表?? The number of the employees has grown from 1 ,000 to 1 ,200. This means it has risen by 20 percent.员工从1000增加到1200,也就是说增加了20%。
Parents must answer for their children's act.家长必须对自己孩子的行为负责。 My father is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.我爸爸明天去上海。
The doctor is going to operate on his mother next week.医生打算下周我他妈妈做手术。 The passengers were robbed of all their money.乘客们的钱被抢光了。 2、介词与形容词、-ed分词搭配(用时加be的各种形式)
be full of充满?? be absent from 缺席?? be afraid of害怕?? be keen on 渴望?? be suitable for适合于?? be good at擅长于?? be fond of喜欢?? be busy with 忙于?? be strict with对??要求严格 be sure of确信?? be concerned about 关心? be proud of为??自豪 be content with 以??为满足 be tired of厌倦??
be interested in 对??感兴趣
What is wrong with your TV set? 你的电视怎么了? 3、介词与名词的搭配
介词与名词的搭配有两种情况: 名词之前该用什么介词;名词之后该用什么介词。 on one's guard 警惕?? with pleasure 高兴地
for the sake of为了?? a victory over 对??的胜利 a struggle against 对??的斗争 love for 对??热爱 attention to 注意?? comment on 评论??
key to ??的答案 interest in 对??的兴趣 congratulation on 祝贺?? confidence in 对??的信心 satisfaction with 对??满意 by turns 轮流 at the moment 此刻 in time 及时
We offered him our congratulations on his passing the college entrance exams. 我们向他考上大学表示祝贺。
Did you have any trouble in finding the post office? 你找邮局费事了吗?
For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single plant or tree in sight.