2) zoom ratio is used to define the focal length range for a zoom lens. 3) telephoto is a camera lens system designed to give a large image of a distant object.
4) lens speed works in the way as you open it, more light comes in and the picture appears brighter.
5) The sharpness of a digital image refers to the degree of clarity in both coarse and fine specimen detail.
6) One of the primary exposure controls in photography Photographers set their exposure using a combination of shutter speeds and iris to get the correct amount of light on the film.
7) In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light is admitted. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays.
8) F-stop refers to the maximum aperture diameter, or minimum f-number, of a photographic lens. A lens with a larger maximum aperture (that is, a smaller minimum f-number) is a fast lens.
Unit 7
depth of field, neutral density filter, ultraviolet filter, focus, contrast, diffusion filter
1) depth of field is the range of distance within the subject that is acceptably sharp. 2) focus is to render (an object or image) in clear outline or sharp detail by adjustment of one’s vision or an optical device; bring into focus.
3) contrast is the brightness ratio of the lightest to the darkest part of the television screen image.
4) ultraviolet filter is a filter used on a lens to absorb ultraviolet radiation that may impart an undesirable blue cast to a photograph.
5) A neutral density filter will reduce the amount of light that enters the lens of your camcorder without affecting the color of your picture.
6) A diffusion filter is a translucent photographic filter used for a special effect. When used in front of the camera lens, a diffusion filter softens subjects and generates a dreamy haze.
Unit 8
Coherence, color temperature, intensity, hard light, soft light, dimmer, key light, full light ,back light, background light
1) The three basic light characteristics are Coherence, color temperature and intensity. 2) color temperature is a temperature defined in terms of the temperature of a black body at which it emits light of a specified spectral distribution: used to specify the color of a light source.
3) Hard light is the directed light ,esp. light whose beams are relatively parallel, producing distinct shadows and a harsher modeling effect on the subject.
4) Soft light refers to light that tends to “wrap” around object, casting shadows
with soft edges.
5) Dimmer also called dimmer switch, a rheostat or similar device by which the intensity of an electric light may be varied.
6) Key light is the main light that illuminates the subject being photographed or filmed.
7) Full light is a light used to eliminate or soften shadows caused by the main source of illumination.
8) Back light is a light source placed behind an actor, object, or scene to create a high-light that separates the subject from the background.
9) Background light is used to illuminate the background area of a set. The background light will also provide separation between the subject and the background.
Unit 9
continuity editing, cutaways, parallel cutting, soap operas, insert shot, sitcoms, montage, thematic editing.
1) Insert shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cutback to the first shot.
2) Continuity editing is the predominant style of editing in narrative cinema and television. The purpose of it is to smooth over the inherent discontinuity of the editing process and to establish a logical coherence between shots.
3) Soap operas is a radio or television series depicting the interconnected lives of many characters often in a sentimental, melodramatic way so called because soap manufacturers were among the original sponsors of such programs.
4) Parallel cutting sometimes also called cross-cutting, the sequences or scenes are intercut so as to suggest that they are taking place at the same time.
5) Thematic editing refers to (as they say in the textbooks) a rapid, impressionistic sequence of disconnected scenes designed to communicate feelings or experiences.
6) Cutaways occurs in the middle of a larger scene or shot, usually a close-up of some detail or object, that draws audience attention, provides specific information, or simple breaks up the film sequence.
7) A sitcoms, usually referred to as a situation comedy, is a genre of comedy programs which originated in radio. Today, they are found almost exclusively on television as one of its dominant narrative forms, usually consist of recurring characters in a common environment such as a home or workplace and generally include laugh tracks.
8) Montage is a technique in film editing that can refer to: a shots sequence, a segment which uses rapid editing, special effects and music to present compressed narrative information.
Unit 10
hard disk, non-linear editing, software, capture picture, real-time, downloaded,
Wipe, fade, dissolve, resolution.
1) real-time is the programs used to direct the operation of a computer, as well as documentation giving instructions on how to use them.
2) ImToo DVD to Picture for Mac is multifunctional DVS capture software to picture from DVD in batch or singly and output as static pictures.
3) hard disk is a rigid magnetic disk fixed permanently within a drive unit and used for storing computer data. It generally offer more storage and quicker access to data than floppy disks do.
4) fade in is to appear gradually, esp. by becoming lighter. fade out is to disappear gradually, esp. by becoming darker.
5) software is of or pertaining to applications in which the computer must respond as rapidly as required by the user or necessitated by the process being controlled. 6) downloaded is to transfer (data or programs) from a server or host computer to one’s own computer or device.
7) non-linear editing is editing video in the computer. Also called NLE, digital systems provide high-quality post-production editing on a desktop computer.
8) Wipe is a technique in film editing by which the projected image of a scene appears to be pushed or wiped off the screen by the image that follows.
9) dissolve is to fade out one shot or scene while simultaneously fading in the next, overlapping the two during the process.
10) resolution is the degree of sharpness of a computer-generated image as measured by the number of dots per linear inch in a hard-copy printout or the number of pixels across and down on a display screen.
Unit 11
computer-generated imagery, live-action, optical printer, Prosthetic makeup, Schu fftan process, scale model, theatrical property, pyrotechnics, msttes, visual effects, multiple exposure, scenery
1) Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects.
2) computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics or, more specifically, 3D computer graphics to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media.
3) live-action is a device consisting of one or more film projectors mechanically linked to a movie camera.
4) In film, theatre and video, scenery refers to works that are acted out by human actors, as opposed to by animation.
5) Schu fftan process is a movie special named after its inventor, Eugen Schufftan (1893-1977). It was widely used in the first half of the 20th century before being almost completely replaced by the travelling matte and bluescreen effects.
6) visual effects are the various processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shoot. They often involve the integration of live—action footage and computer generated imagery (CGI) in order
to create environments which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly, or simply impossible to capture on film.
7) optical printer are used in photography and special effects filmmaking to combine two or more image elements into a single, final image. Usually, they are used to combine a foreground image (such as actors on a set, or a spaceship) with a background image (a scenic vista, a field of stars and planets).
8) In photography, a multiple exposure is an exposure in which the sensitivity to light is reduced and then increased at least once during the total exposure time. 9) pyrotechnics is the science of materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound.
10) theatrical property, commonly referred to as a prop, is any object held or used on stage by an actor for use in furthering the plot or story line of a theatrical production.
11) scale model is a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the original and used as a guide to making the object in full size.
Unit 12
videotape, format, data compression, camcorder, VCR
1) videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. It is a medium for magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of plastic.
2) VCR is a type of video recorder that uses removable videotape cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later.
3) In computer science and information theory, data compression is the process of encoding information using fewer bits (or other information-bearing units) than an unencoded representation would use through use of specific encoding schemes. 4) camcorder is a portable consumer electronics device for recording video and audio using a built-in recorder unit. It contains both a video camera and a video recorder in one unit, hence its compound name.
5) Video format or video system, is a video encoding and broadcasting system.
Unit 13
soundproofing, radio broadcasting, audio speaker, equalizer, frequency, decibel, loudness, VU meter, acoustics, bass, treble.
1) radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast through the air as radio waves ( a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an antenna and thus to a receiving device. 2) bass describing low-frequency sound. 3) soundproofing are typically general all-purpose audio filters, which can be arranged to produce the effect of low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters.
4) VU meter is often included in analog audio equipment to display a signal level in Volume Units.
5) equalizer is any means of reducing the sound pressure with respect to a specified sound source and receptor.
6) treble as a term applied in music to the high or acute part of the musical system. 7) audio speaker is an electromechanical device produces sound. 8) decibel is a unit used to express the intensity of a sound wave, equal to 20 times the common logarithm of the ratio of the pressure produced by the sound wave to a reference pressure, usually 0.0002 microbar.
9) loudness is the quality of a sound that is the primary psychological correlate of physical strength (amplitude).
10) acoustics is the total effect of sound, especially as produced in an enclosed space.
11) frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.
四、英译汉
1、The odd-numbered lines were scanned first and then the even-numbered lines were interleaved between these lines to create a complete picture. Not
surprisingly, we refer to this process as interleaved or interlaced scanning (n.隔行扫描).
Each of these half-frame passes is a field (n.场). The completed (two-field) picture is a frame.
2. With this approach, the fields (odd and even lines) are combined and
reproduced together in a 1-2-3 sequence, rather than an odd (1-3-5) and even (2-4-6) interlaced sequence.
Progressive scanning has a number of advantages, including greater clarity and ability to interface more easily with computer-based video equipment. But it adds greater technical demands on the TV systems.
3. The person in charge of launching entire production is the producer (n. 制片人). He or she comes up with the program concept, lays out the budget for the production, and makes the major decisions. This person is the team leader, the one who works with the writers, hires the director, decides on the key talent, and guides the general direction of the production.
4. There is a saying in TV production: The most important phase of production is preproduction.
In preproduction (n.前期制作)the basic ideas and approaches of the
production are developed and set in motion. It is in this phase that the production can be set on a proper course or misdirected (messed up) to such an extent that no amount of time, talent, or editing expertise can save it.
5. Hit the target audience. In order for the program to be successful, you must keep in mind throughout each production phase the needs, interests, and general background of the target audience （n.目标观众）(the audience your production is designed to reach).