服务处。因为这些公司有着强大的后盾，所以他们的运作良好。但是他们同样受束缚作风的影响，使得他们的不能对市场变化作出快速反应，也不能把先进的技术用于生产线来提高设备的性能。 Second are the established turnkey vendors.
第二种是专门的交钥匙系统销售商。这些公司提供各种各样的作用于不同工业环境的CAD/CAM系统。这些公司已经从事CAD/CAM行业几年或几十年。他们已经在不断的技术发展中建立了良好的 声誉，这类公司有。。。。，这些企业由于规格较小，有时不能提供很好的售后服务，但他们对市场反灵敏，能很好的满足客户的要求，能够提供各种可以使用的CAD/CAM系统。
Third are the new ,enterpreneurial cad/cam vendors.
第三种是新兴的CAD/CAM销售企业。这些公司比较小，年轻，富有创新精神，但他们的市场占有率仅为5%,但是每个公司都擅长为部分市场单人独特的高品质的系统。通常，这些企业销售的微型监控系统对需要小型化专业化 的CAD/CAM系统的客户非常有用。事实上，这些客户在购买设备前都是经过深思熟虑的。 Fourth are the service bureaus.
第四种是服务机构，这些企业专门从事CAD/CAM服务。来满足很小的或协调性的需求。服务机构越来越普遍并成为那些不能承担购买CAD/CAM系统费用或不具备购买条件的公司的首选。这些机构不仅参与CAD/CAM的相关商业行为，他们还能为那些将要考虑购买他们设备的企业进行相关培训和研讨。
Doing business with each of these vendor types has both benefits and drawbacks.
和任意一种销售商做生意都有利有弊，大公司不容易讨价还价，而且他们技术革新缓慢，但他们大多能提供良好的服务和可靠的产品，专门的销售企业对客户的需求都更加灵活，并且产品升级周期较短。
Unit 8 What Is FMS?
什么是柔性制造系统？
Def initions of FMS，or Flixi协le Manufacturing Sytems,are plentiful
and in many respects。:。dependent on the ultimate user's point of view as to what the FMS consists of and how it will块
use(l. However，the following rel)resent a collection of FMS definitions, some traceable and some
not traceable to their originating source.
关于柔性制造系统，有很多不同的定义，多数情况下，如何对其定义依赖于其使用者对其组成部分和使用方法的个人看法。然而，接下来的描述是对FMS定义的概括，那就是有源可寻和无源可寻的资源。
United States Government. A series of automatic machine tools or items of fabrication equipment linked together with an automatic material handling system, a common hierarchical digital preprogrammed computer control, and provision for random fabrication of parts or assemblies that fall within predetermined families.
美国政府，一系列自动机床或自动材料处理系统，一个共同的分层预先设定的数字电脑控制，并随机制造的零件或装配，在预定的家庭内的条文，一并与设备制造项目。
Kearney and Trecker. A FMS is a group of NC machine tools that can randomly process a group of parts, having automated material handling and central computer control to dynamically balance resource utilization so that the system can adapt automatically to changes in parts production, mixes, and levels of output.
Kearney和Trecker。FMS的是一组可以随意处理组一个零件，材料处理，具有自动监测和中央计算机资源利用率，动态的平衡系统，因此系统能自动地适应在零件生成、产品的品种组成和输出方面的变化。
FMS is a randomly loaded automated system based on group technology manufacturing linking integrated computer control and a group of machines to automatically produce and handle (move) parts for continuous serial processing.
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FMS是一种可随意地指定任务的自动化系统，基于成组技术的计算机集成制造控制和连接一组机器，生产和自动处理（移动）连续串行处理的部分。
FMS combines microelectronics and mechanical engineering to bring the economics of scale to batch work.
FMS结合微电子技术和机械工程带来的经济规模批量工作。 A central on-line computer controls the machine tools, other workstations, and the transfer of components and tooling.
A厂上线计算机控制机床，其他工作站，零部件和模具的转移。 The computer also provides monitoring and information control.
电脑还提供了监测和信息控制。
This combination of flexibility and overall control makes possible the production of a wide range of products in small numbers.
这种灵活性和控制整体组合使一个小数字产品的广泛生产。 （5）A process under control to produce varieties of components or products within its stated capability and to a predetermined schedule.
一个过程监控下的部件或产品的品种出现在STI表示能力和预定的时间表。
（6）A technology which will help achieve leaner factories with better response times, lower unit costs, and higher quality under an improved level of management and capital control.
一种将帮助精良工厂获得较快的加工时间的技术，并且具有较低的单位成本和更高的质量管理水平的提高和资本控制。
Regardless of how broadly or narrowly FMS is defined, several key items emerge as critical to a general definition of FMS, and repeat themselves through a cross-section of standard definitions.
无论多么狭义，或FMS的定义非常广泛，出现了FMS的一般定义，标准定义截面，重复自己的几个关键项目的关键。
Words like NC machine tools, automatic material handling system, central computer controlled, randomly loaded, linked together and flexible all serve to help define a very general description and definition of FMS.
如数控机床，自动材料处理系统，中央计算机控制随机加载的话，所有的联系在一起灵活和服务，以帮助确定FMS的一个非常普遍的描述和定义。
Flexible manufacturing affords users the opportunity to react quickly to changing product types, mixes, and volumes while providing increased utilization and predictable control over hard assets.
FMS能提供使用者快速改变产品类型，混合料，并提供量增加，而控制利用率和可预见的硬资产，机会作出反应。
Although FMS provides users with many benefits, they are not easy to justify.
虽然与柔性制造系统的用户提供了很多好处，他们是不容易自圆其说。
Limitations and alternatives must be weighed and compared to determine if FMS is the best or event he right approach to productivity and profitability improvements.
限制和替代品，必须权衡和比较，以确定是否FMS是我的权利或生产率和盈利能力的方法改善最好的事件。
Basically, an FMS is make up of hardware and software elements. Hardware elements are visible and tangible such as CNC machine tool, pallet queuing carrousels (part parking lots), material handling equipment (robots or automatic guided vehicles), central chip removal and coolant systems, tooling systems, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), part cleaning stations, and computer hardware equipment.
基本上，FMS是弥补硬件和软件元素。硬件元素是可见的有形和
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数控机床，托盘排队旋转系列（部分停车场），物料搬运设备（机器人或自动导引车），中央芯片和冷却剂清除系统，工具系统，三坐标测量机（CMM）的一部分，清洗站，计算机硬件设备。
Software elements are invisible and intangible such as NC programs, traffic management software, tooling information, type of computer control.
通常情况下，它们含有高大，垂直存储机架，狭窄的过道，堆垛起重机，加上一些类型的计算机控制。
For the most part, ASRSs are strictly warehouse tools that track incoming material and components, store parts, tools, CMM program work order files, and sophisticated FMS software.
软件元素是无形的和无形的，如交通管理软件，数控程序，工装信息，CMM程序的工作秩序文件，和先进的FMS软件。
A typical FMS layout and its major identifiable components can be seen in Fig. 8. 1 .
图8可以看出，在一个典型的柔性制造系统布局，其主要识别组件。
Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems 自动存储和检索系统
In the 1950s, a revolutionary concept in material handling was pioneered in the United States called automated storage and retrieval.
在20世纪50年代，在物料搬运革命的概念是在美国首创的自动存储和检索调用。
At the time, this concept of high-rise, high-density storage and retrieval was considered a radical change in inventory management and control, rather than a revolutionary breakthrough.
当时，这种高层，高密度存储和检索的概念被认为是彻底改变了库存管理和控制，而不是一个革命性的突破。
Automated storage and retrieval systems, commonly referred to as ASRSs, are automated inventory-handling systems designed to replace manual and remote-control systems.
自动存储和检索系统，通常被称为为ASRSs，自动化的库存处理系统设计，以取代手动和远程控制系统。
Typically, they contain tall, vertical storage racks, narrow aisles, and stacker cranes and are coupled with some
and fixtures, and retrieve them when necessary.
在大多数情况下，ASRSs仓库工具是严格跟踪传入的材料和部件，存储部件，工具和夹具，检索他们necesario。
The goal of an automated storage and retrieval system is to deliver the right material to the right place at the right time.
自动存储和检索系统的目标是在正确的时间正确的地点提供合适的材料。
Material is held in storage and then issued to the point of use as close to the time of use as possible.
材料是在存储，然后举行分至使用点尽可能接近使用时间。 Automated storage and retrieval systems store standard-sized pallets of material, and they have aisles that divide the storage racks.
自动存储和检索系统存储材料标准尺寸的托盘，和他们有过道划分存储机架。
In each aisle is an arm or crane, sometimes known as a stacker crane. The crane picks up a load from an input station, stores it in a computer-assigned location, and delivers it to an output station, as seen in Fig. 8.2.
在每个过道是一只手臂或起重机，有时作为堆垛机。起重机拿起从输入站的负荷，它存储在一台电脑指定的位置，并将它传递到输出站，在图8.2中看到。
Stacker cranes are rated in terms of vertical and horizontal movement in feet per second. Cranes are capable of simultaneous vertical and horizontal movement.
堆垛起重机的额定英尺每秒的纵向和横向运动。起重机能够同
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时进行垂直和水平运动。
Loads must be presented for crane movement within size, weight, and stability limits. Even if a load is within size and weight limits, an off-center load, for example, can still jam the crane.
必须出示起重机在大小，重量和稳定极限的运动负荷。即使负载的大小和重量的限制，偏离中心的负载，例如，仍然可以堵塞起重机内。
The principal benefits of automated storage and retrieval systems are:
自动存储和检索系统的主要优点是：
Improved inventory management and control 提高库存管理和控制
Reliable and immediate delivery 可靠和立即交货 Space efficiency 空间效率
Simplified and faster inventory response 简化和更快的库存的反应
Ability to operate in adverse environments 在不利环境的操作能力
Closed storage area to reduce pilferage 关闭存储区来减少偷盗
Reduced lost or misplaced parts,tools,and fixtures 降低丢失或错零件、工具和设备
Design flexibility to accommodate a wide range of loads降低丢失或容纳一个广泛的负载
FIve CNC machining centers,90 tools each. 五CNC加工中心每90名工具。
Fivetool interchange stations,one per machine,accepting tool delivery via cart.
五个工具交流站,每个机器,工具通过接受交付推车。
Three computer-controlled cars,with wire-guided path. 三个电脑控制的汽车的车射飞弹路径。 Cart maintenance ststion. 车维修车站。
Two automatic work changes,10pallets each,with dual load/unload positions with 90 tilt, 360 rotation.
两个自动工作也随之发生变化,10托盘每个位置的双重加载/卸载时调用90倾斜,360的旋转。
two material review stands, for on-demand part inspection. 对于需求的一部分检查，代表着两个材料进行审查，
inspection module,with horizontal arm coordinate measuring machine.
模块化检测，横臂坐标测量机。 Automatic part washing station. 自动零件清洗站。
Tool chain load/unload tool gage,and calibration gage stands.
工具链加载/卸载工具计，校准表座。
Elevated computer room, with DEC VAX 8200 central computer.
提升机房，带有DEC VAX 8200中央计算机系统。
Centralized chip/coolant collection/recovery system, with dual flume.
集中芯片/冷却液收集/恢复系统，双水槽。 Reduced labor costs. 降低劳动成本。
Accurate inventory and load loaction. 精确的库存和负载位置。
Inventory reductions (as a result of improved accuracy). 库存减少（由于改善精度）。
Increased utilization potential. 增加利用潜力。
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Reduced scrap and rework (resulting from manual part movement damage).
减少废料和返工（手册造成运动伤害）。
Over the past several years, many companies have focused their attention on automated storage and retrieval systems as a means to solve existing warehouse problems.
在过去几年中，许多公司都集中在自动存储和检索系统作为一种手段来解决问题，现有仓库，他们的注意力。
In many cases, implementing an ASRS and other material movement systems has successfully reduced operating costs and gained control over the storage and retrieval process.
ASRS的和其他的材料，运动系统实现一个在许多情况下，已成功经营降低成本，并获得了存储和检索过程的控制。
However, business conditions and objectives determine the need for an ASRS, and a fully automated warehouse may be inappropriate for some businesses.
然而，企业经营状况和目标确定为ASRS的需要，和一个完全自动化的仓库，可能不适合一些企业。
Overall work flow and manufacturing processes must be clearly understood and known in order to determine part, tool, and fixture movement frequency, as well as maximum and minimum load sizes.
整体工作流程和制造工艺必须清楚地理解和已知的，以确定零件，工具，夹具的运动频率，以及最大和最小负载大小。
Flow to and from the areas that the ASRS is to serve should be kept clean and free of obstructions and waiting to be moved components.
到达或来自ASRS区域的物流应畅通无阻，没有等待被运物件的现象。
Automated Guided Vehicle(AGV) 自动搬运车(AGV)
An AGV is a computer-controlled, driverless vehicle used
for transporting materials from point to point in a manufacturing setting.
一个小车是一个由电脑控制，无人驾驶车辆，用于运送材料在制造设定点从点到。
They represent a major category of automated materials handling devices.
它们代表了自动化材料处理设备的主要类别。
An AGV can be used for any all materials handling tasks from bringing in raw materials to moving finished products to the shipping dock.
AGV可用于任何所有材料处理任务，实现从原材料到移动成品装运底座的功能。
In any discussion of AGVs, three key terms are heard frequently:
在任何AGVS的讨论中，经常听到的三个关键术语： 1 guide path1.引路 2 routing.路由
23 traffic management3.交通管理
The term guide path refers to the actual path the AGV follows in making its rounds through a manufacturing plant.
长期引路指AVG通过一个制造工厂，及其轮的实际路径。 The guide path can be one of two types. 这份指南的路径可以是以下两种类型之一。 The first and oldest type is the embedded wire-guided path. 第一和最古老的类型是嵌入式的线导路径。
With this type, which has been in existence for over 20 years, the AGV follows a path dictated by a wire that is contained within a path that runs under the shop floor.
与此类型，它已存在了20多年的AGV如下口授了一个包含路径下运行的车间内的电线路径。
This is why the earliest AGVs were sometimes referred to as wire-guided vehicles.
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