这就是为什么有时被称为最早的年龄为线导车辆。
The more modern AGVs are guided by optical devices. 更现代的AGVS指导光学设备。
The term routing is also used frequently in association with AGVs.
长期路径也经常使用AGV的关联。 Routing has to do with the AGV’s ability to make decisions that allow it to select the appropriate route as it moves across the shop floor.
路由做AGV的能力作出决定，允许它选择合适的路线，因为它整个车间移动。
The final tem, traffic management devices such as stop signs, yield signs, caution lights, and stop lights are used to control traffic in such a way as to prevent collisions and to optimize traffic flow and traffic patterns.
最终温度，流量管理设备，如停止的迹象，产量标志，警示灯，停车灯，以这样的方式来控制流量，以防止碰撞和优化交通流量和交通模式。
This is also what traffic management means when used in the context of AGVs.
这也意味着用于AGVS范围内时的交通管理。 Rationale for Using AGVs 使用AGV的理由
Some manufacturing plants still use traditional materials to handle systems.
一些制造工厂仍使用传统材料处理系统。
Some use automated storage and retrieval systems, others use AGVs, and many use all of these together.
一些使用自动存储和检索系统，其他人使用AGV的，和许多使用所有这些在一起。
Manufacturing technology students should understand why manufacturing firm use AGVs.
制造技术的学生应该明白为什么制造公司使用AGV。
Five of the most frequently stated reasons are as follows: 五个最经常提到的原因如下：
Because they can be computer controlled, AGVs represent a flexible approach to materials handling.
(1) 因为他们可以是电脑控制，AGVS代表材料灵活的方式处理 AGVs decrease labor costs by decreasing the amount of human involvement in materials handling.
(2) AGV的降低劳动力成本，减少人力参与处理材料的数量 AGVs are compatible with production and storage equipment. (3) AGV的是与生产和存储设备兼容
AGVs can operate in hazardous environments. (4) AGVS可以在危险的环境中运作
AGVs can handle and transport hazardous materials safely. (5) AGVS可以处理和运输危险材料的安全
Of the various reasons frequently given for using AGVs, perhaps the two that are the most important to the future of manufacturing are flexibility and compatibility.
经常使用AGV的各种原因，也许是两个制造业的未来是最重要的是灵活性和兼容性
Because they are so versatile, they can be adapted to be compatible with most production and storage equipment that might exist in a typical manufacturing setting.
因为它们是如此多才多艺，它们可以适应大部分的生产和存储设备中可能存在一个典型的制造业设置兼容
Their flexibility and compatibility allow AGVs to fit in with trends in the world of manufacturing, including automation and integration of manufacturing processes.
它们的灵活性和兼容性，允许AGVS，以适应世界制造业的发展趋势，包括制造过程的自动化和集成
Types of AGVs AGV的类型
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Automated guided vehicles are called on for use in a variety of different manufacturing settings.
无人搬运车被称为使用在各种不同的生产设置
Consequently, there is not one type that will meet the needs of every setting.
因此，没有一种类型，这将满足每个设置的需求 Fig.8.3 and 8.4 show typical AGVs. fig.8.3和8.4显示典型的AGV
In the current state of development, there are six different types of AGVs :1) towing vehicles; 2) unit load vehicles; 3) pallet trucks;4)fork trucks 5) light load vehicles; 6) assembly line vehicles.
在目前的发展状况，有六种不同的类型的AGVS：1）牵引车辆;2）机组负荷的车辆;3）托盘车;4)叉车；5）轻载车辆;6）装配生产线的车辆
Towing Vehicles. 牵引车辆。
These AGVs are the work horses. 这些的AGVS是工作马匹。
Towing vehicles are the most widely used type of AGVs. 牵引车的AGV的使用最广泛的类型。
Their most common use is in transporting large amounts of bulky and heavy materials from the warehouse to various locations in the manufacturing plant.
其最常见的用途是从仓库运送大量的笨重和重的材料，在不同地点的生产工厂。
A popular approach is to arrange a series of vehicles into a train configuration. In such a configuration, each vehical can be loaded with material for a specified location and the train can be programmed to move throughout the manufacturing facility, stopping at each location.
一种流行的做法是安排到一列火车配置了一系列的车辆。在这种配置中，每个车辆可以加载指定的位置与材料和火车可以被编程到整个生产设施，在每个位置停止移动。
Unit Load Vehicles. 机组负荷的车辆。
Unit load vehicles represent the opposite extreme from towing vehicles.
机组负荷车辆牵引车相反的极端。
Whereas towing vehicles are used in settings requiring the movement of large amounts of material to a variety of different locations, unit load vehicles are used in setting with short guide paths, high volume, and a need for independent movement and versatility.
而需要大量的物质的运动，以各种不同的地点设置使用的牵引车辆，机组负荷车辆的设置短引路，高容量，需要一个独立的运动性和多功能性。
Warehouses and distribution centers are the most likely settings for unit load vehicles.
仓库和配送中心是最有可能的机组负荷车辆设置。 An advantage of unit load vehicles is that they can operate in an environment where there is not much room and movement restricted.
机组负荷车辆的一个优点是它们可以操作的环境中，那里没有很大的空间和运动的限制。
Pallet Trucks. 托盘车。
The pallet truck is different from other AGVs in that it can be operated manually.
搬运车不同的是，它可以手动操作的其他AGVS。
Pallet trucks are used most frequently for materials handling and distribution systems.
托盘车使用最频繁的材料处理和分发系统。
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They are driven along a guide path from location to location and are unloaded as they go.
它们开车沿着引路，从位置到位置和卸载过去
Because they can be operated manually pallet trucks represent a very flexible approach to materials handling.
托盘车，因为它们可以手动操作，代表材料的处理非常灵活的做法。
Fork Truck. 叉车。
The fork truck type AGV is to the automated manufacturing plant what the fork lift us to a traditional materials handing setting.
叉车式AGV的是自动化的生产工厂，叉车我们传统材料处理设置。
Fork trucks are designed for use in highly automated manufacturing plants.
叉车的设计使用高度自动化的制造工厂。
They are used when it is necessary to pick up the material up at the shop floor level and move it to a location at a higher level or to pick up the material at a higher level and move it down to the shop floor level.
它们被用来在必要时拿起材料，在车间级，并将其移动到一个在更高层次上的位置或拿起在更高层次上的材料，并将其向下移动到车间级。
Unlike the traditional fork lift, however, fork truck type AGVs travel along a guide path.
然而，不同于传统的叉车，叉车式AGV的旅行沿引路。 Light Load Vehicles. 轻负荷车。
Light load vehicle technology is simply the miniaturization of unit load vehicle technology.
轻载车辆技术仅仅是机组负荷车辆技术的小型化。
Light load vehicles, as the name suggests, are used in manufacturing settings where the material to be moved is neither heave nor bulky.
轻载车，顾名思义，用于制造的设置要移动的材料既不隆起也不笨重。
Assembly Line Vehicles. 装配生产线的车辆。
As the name implies, assembly line vehicle type AGVs are used in conjunction with an assembly line process.
顾名思义，装配生产线的车辆类型AGVS结合装配线过程中使用。 There most common use is in the assembly of automobiles. 有最常见的用途是在汽车的组装。
Assembly line vehicles can be used to transport major subassemblies such as automobile engines transmissions, doors, and other associated subassemblies to the proper location on an assembly line.
装配生产线的车辆可以用来运输主要部件，如汽车发动机变速箱，门，以及其他相关部件装配线上的适当位置。
Using such vehicles can enhance the flexibility of an automobile assembly line.
使用这种车辆可以提高一个汽车装配生产线的灵活性。
Unit 9 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing System
COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (1)计算机集成技术 CIM DEFINED
Computer-integrated manufacturing or (CIM) is the term used to describe the most modern ap-
proach to manufacturing. Although CIM encompasses many of the other advanced manufacturing
technologies such as computer numerical control (CNC) ,computer-aided design/computer-aided
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manufacturing (CAD/CAM)。robotics，and just一in-time delivery (J1T)，it is more than a new
technology or a new concept. Computer-integrated manufacturing is actually an entirely new ap-
proach to manufacturing a new way of doing business.
计算机集成制造(或CIM)是用来描述最现代化的一种制造方法的词汇。尽管CIM包含了许多其他的先进制造技术,如计算机数字控制(CNC),计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造(CAD / CAM),机器人学和及时供货等,但它不仅仅是一种更高层次新技术或新概念。计算机集成制造实际上是一种全新的制造方法和一种全新的贸易方式。
To understand CIM，it is necessary to begin with a comparison of modern and traditional
manufacturing. Modern manufacturing encompasses ail of the activities and processes necessary to convert raw materials into finished products, deliver them to the market,and support them in the field'. These activities include the following
为了理解CIM，有必要一开始就有一个现代和传统制造业的比较。现代制造业涵盖了所有活动和必要的过程将原料转化成成品，提供给市场，及保障它们的现场使用。这些活动包括以下内容。 1)identifying a need for a product
2) designing a product to meet the needs
3) obtaining the raw materials needed to produce the product
4) applying appropriate processes to transform the raw materials into finished products.
5) transporting product to the market
6) maintaining the product to ensure a proper performance in the field
●确定了一个产品的需求。 ●设计产品，以满足需求。 ●取得所需生产产品的原料。
●运用适当的程序，转换成成品的原料。 ●运输的产品推向市场。
●保持产品，以确保该领域的适当履行。
This broad,modern view of manufacturing can be compared with the more limited tradition-
a1 view that focuses almost entirely on the conversion processes. The old approach separates such
critical preconversion elements as market analysis research, development,and design for manufac-
turing，as well as such after-conversion elements as product delivery and product maintenance. In
other words,in the old approach to manufacturing，only those processes that take place on the
shop floor are considered manufacturing. This traditional approach of separating the overall Con-
cept into numerous stand-alone specialized elements was not fundamentally changed with the ad-
vent of automation. While the separate elements themselves became automated 6. e,cornputer-aid-
ed drafting and design(CADD) in design and CNC in machining)，they remained separate. Au-
tomation alone did not result in the integration of these islands of automation.
这种广泛的，制造业的现代观点可比拟的更有限的传统观点认为，几乎完全集中在转换过程。分开的老办法，如市场分析，研究，开发，设计和制造关键preconversion元素，以及如后转化为产品供应和产品维护元素。换句话说，在旧的制造方法，只有那些进程采取在车间的地方被认为是制造业。这种分离成无数独立的专门要素的整体概念传统的做法是没有从根本上改变了自动化的来临。虽然自己成为独立的自动化元素（即，计算机辅助绘图和设计在结构设计与数控加工（计算机辅助绘图和草绘）），他们仍然分开。自动化本身并不导致这些岛屿的自动化集成。
With CIM not only are the various elements automated', btit the islands of automation are all
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linked together or integrated. Integration means that a system can provide complete and instanta-
neous sharing of information. In modern manufacturing, integration is accomplished by comput- ers. With this bEckground,CIM can now he defined as THE TOTAL INTEGRATION OF ALL MANUFACTURING ELE-MENTS THROUGH THE USE OF COMPUTERS.
通过CIM不仅是自动化的各种要素，但自动化的岛屿都连在一起或集成。整合是指系统能够提供完整，即时信息共享。在现代制造，集成是通过电脑来完成的。在这种背景下，CIM的现在可以被定义为所有制造元素，通过计算机的使用完全整合。
Fig. 9. 1 is an illustration of:?CIM system,which shows hour the various machines and pro-
cesses used in the conversion process are integrated. However，such an illustration cannot show that research，developn-ienr·design，marketing，sales，shipping，receiving, management·and production personnel all have instant access to; all information generated in this system. This is what makes it a CIM system.
图9.1是一个CIM系统，它显示了各种机器，并在转换过程中使用的过程是综合的例证。但是，这样的例子不能表明研究，开发，设计，营销，销售，运输，接收，管理，生产人员都具有即时访问在这个系统中生成的所有信息。这是怎么使得它成为计算机集成系统。
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CIM CIM的历史发展
The term\computer-integrated manufacturing\was developed in 1974 by Joseph Harrington as the title of a book he wrote about tying islands of automation together through tine use of comput-
.It has taken many years for develop as a concept，but integrated manufacturuig is not
really new, In fact，integration is CIM towhere manufacturing actually began. Manufacturing has evolvedthrough four distlrict stages (Fig.9 2):
计算机集成制造这组词汇是由约瑟夫哈灵顿于1974年作为他撰写的一本书的标题提出来的，这是一本关于利用计算机将自动化孤岛连接在一起的书，作为一种概念，计算机集成制造已经形成了许多年，但集成制造并不真的事最新的。事实上，集成就是制造实际开始的地方。制造经历了4个阶段的发展： ])manual manufacturing●手工制造。
L)Mechanization 'spcclalizmioii●机械化/专业化。 3)automation●自动化。 4)integration集成化 1. Manual Manufacturing
Manual manufacturing using simple hand tools was actually integrated manufactuing. All in-
formation needed to design,produce.and deliver a product was readily available because it resided
in the mind of the one person who performed all of the necessary tasks. The tool of integration in
the earliest years of manufacturing was the human mind of the craftsman who designed，pro-
duced，and delivered the product甲An example of integrated manual manufacturing is the village
blacksmith producing a special tool for a local farmer. The blacksmith would have in his mind all
of the information needed to design，produce .and deliver the farmer's tool. In this example,all ele-
ments of manufacturing are integrated. 手工制造
使用简单的手工制造的手工工具，是基本的集成制造。需要设计，生产和交付产品的所有信息随时可用，因为它在人谁执行任务所必需的所有头脑居住。在多年的生产最早的集成工具，是谁设计的工匠人的心灵，生产，并交付产品。综合手工制造的例子是村里的铁匠制作了当地农民的特殊工具。铁匠将在他心中的需要设计，生产的所有信息，并提供农民的工具。在这个例子中，制造业的各
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