4. Linguistic evidence of cultural differences 1. Greetings and terms of address 2. Thanks and compliments 3. Color words
4. Privacy and taboos
5. Rounding off numbers
6. Words and cultural-specific connotations 7. Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors 5.The significance of cultural teaching and learning:
Acculturation(文化适应): we need to learn enough about the language’s culture so that we can communicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also the pragmatic or communicative competence as well. 6. Cultural overlap and diffusion 1.Cultural overlap （文化重叠）
2.Cultural diffusion（文化扩散）: through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bring about cultural diffusion, which has been shaped gradually and unceasingly. linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism （文化帝国主义）: with the increasing cultural diffusion had been recognized a tendency of cultural
imperialism owing to linguistic imperialism. Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the worldwide expansion of one language.
7. Intercultural communication or crosscultural communication
It refers to communication between people from different cultures, which implies a comparison between cultures. 8. Assignments
Explain the relation between language and culture. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.
10. Language acquisition
1. Three theories of child language acquisition
? a) a behaviourist view （行为主义观）: language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation
? b) an innatist view（天生主义观）: human beings are biologically programmed for language, or equipped with Language Acquisition Device or Universal Grammar
? c) an interactionist view （ 互动主义观） :language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.
2. Cognitive factors in child language development
?1. language development is dependent on both the concepts children form about the world and what they feel stimulated to communicate at early and later stages of their language development.
?2. The cognitive factors determine how the child makes sense of the linguistic system himself instead of what meanings the child perceives and expresses. 3. Language environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis
? Critical Period Hypothesis : Language Acquisition Device works successfully only when it is
stimulated at right times- a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.
? The strong version of CPH: children acquire their first language by puberty or they will never learn from subsequent exposure.
? The weak version of CPH: language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. 4. Stages in child language development ?Phonological development ?Vocabulary development ? under-extension ? over-extension
?Grammatical development ?Pragmatic development 5. Atypical development ?Hearing impairment听力损伤 ?Mental retardation智力迟钝 ?Autism孤独症 ?Stuttering口吃 ?Aphasia 失语症 ?Dyslexia诵读困难 ?dysgraphia书写困难
6. assignment
?Illustrate and compare the three theories of child language acquisition.
11 Second Language Acquisition
1. Different terms ", TL ", FL ", SL ", FLA ", SLA (SLL) ", IL 2. Comparison ", NL:TL comparison (Contrastive Analysis) ", IL:TL comparison(Error Analysis) ", NL:IL comparison (Transfer Analysis) 3. Contrastive Analysis ", NL:TL comparison (Contrastive Analysis) ", Positive transfer (facilitate)
", Negative transfer (interfere) ", The predictions turned to be either uninformative or inaccurate. 4. Error Analysis ", IL:TL comparison(Error Analysis) ", Interlingual errors ", Intralingual errors
", Performance Analysis:the division between mistakes (failure in performance ) and errors (failure in competence) (p164) 5. Interlanguage（中介语）
", Interlanguage refers to learners’ independent system of second language which is neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. ", Systematicity, permeability, fossilization 6. Krashen’s Input Hypothesis
", There are two independent means of second language learning: acquisition and learning ", “comprehensible input”: “i+l”, i represents learners’ current state of knowledge, the next stage is a “i+l”. By providing comprehensible input which is bit higher than the learners’ current level, the learners’ LAD will be activated and contribute to acquisition. 7. the individual differences in second language acquisition ", a) language aptitude ", b) motivation (instrumental, integrative, resultative, intrinsic) ", c) learning strategies (cognitive, metacognitive, affect/social) ", d) age of acquisition ", e) personality 8. Assignments
", What is performance analysis?
", What is your understanding of Krashen's Input Hypothesis? ", What are the main individual difference in second language acquisition?
12. Language and Brain
1. Neurolinguistics
? The relationship between brain and language ? Aphasia 失语症 ? Dyslexia诵读困难
2. Psycholinguistics
? Psycholinguistics is the study of language processing. ? Lexical decision词汇确定法
? The priming experiment启动实验
? Timed-reading experiment限时阅读实验 ? Eye movement experiment眼动实验
? Event-related potential experiment事件相关电位实验 3. Psycholinguistic modeling ? Four stages of production: ? Conceptualizing概念化 ? Formulating形式化 ? Articulating发音
? Self-monitoring自我监控 4.Assignments ? neurolinguistics ? psycholinguistics