中医药科研思路与方法
（讲义）
1
目 录
第一篇 概 论 ······························································································································· 7
一、进入研究生学习阶段的几个转变 ····················································································· 7 二、科学研究 ··························································································································· 7 三、科学研究的方法与过程 ····································································································· 7 四、医学科学研究 ···················································································································· 7
1．特点： ·························································································································· 7 2．类型 ····························································································································· 8 3．要 求 ························································································································· 14 五、中医科研的特点 ·············································································································· 14 六、中医科研的注意事项 ······································································································ 14 第二篇 医学研究层次的基本方法 ······························································································· 15
一、观察法 ····························································································································· 15
1.科学观察的任务 ··········································································································· 15 2.科学观察的研究方法 ···································································································· 15 3.直接观察常常是科学发现的源泉 ················································································· 15 二、实验法 ····························································································································· 15
1.比较实验 ······················································································································· 16 2.预初实验 ······················································································································· 16 3.断决实验 ······················································································································· 16 4.正式实验 ······················································································································· 16 5.模型实验： ··················································································································· 16
第三篇 医学科学研究选题的种类 ······························································································· 17
一、调查研究性质 ·················································································································· 17 二、实验观察性质 ·················································································································· 17 三、实验研究性质 ·················································································································· 17 四、资料分析性质 ·················································································································· 17 五、经验体会性质 ·················································································································· 17 第四篇 选 题 ····························································································································· 18
一． 选题的产生与来源 ········································································································ 18
1． 来自自身实践的课题 ······························································································· 18 2． 来自他人实践的课题 ······························································································· 18 3． 来自客观要求的课题 ······························································································· 18 4． 来自协作要求的课题 ······························································································· 18 5． 来自上级指定的课题 ······························································································· 18 6． 来自公开招标的课题 ······························································································· 18 二． 选题的途径 ···················································································································· 19 三． 选题的方法 ···················································································································· 19
1.假说形成法 ··················································································································· 19 ２.移植法························································································································· 19 ３.旧题发挥法 ················································································································· 19 四． 初选、筛选 ···················································································································· 19
１.指导思想 ····················································································································· 19 ２.方法适当 ····················································································································· 19 五．定题 ································································································································· 19 六． 选题的注意事项 ············································································································ 20
2
七． 研究题目的表述 ············································································································ 20 第五篇 中医科研的假说 ················································································································ 21
一． 假说的定义 ···················································································································· 21 二． 假说的性质 ···················································································································· 21 三.假说的作用························································································································· 21 四． 假说的形成 ···················································································································· 21
1．孕育阶段 ···················································································································· 21 2.形成阶段 ······················································································································· 22 五． 假说的检验 ···················································································································· 22 六、假说的类型 ······················································································································ 22 七、中医学中的假说 ·············································································································· 23 八、确定假说的注意事项 ······································································································ 23 第六篇医学文献的检索 ·················································································································· 24
一、文献检索的意义 ·············································································································· 24 二、医学文献的特点 ·············································································································· 24 三、医学文献基本情况 ·········································································································· 24
1.级别 ······························································································································ 24 2.类型 ······························································································································ 24 四、医学文献检索 ·················································································································· 25
1.检索工具 ······················································································································· 25 2.检索方法 ······················································································································· 25 3.检索步骤 ······················································································································· 25 4.检索途径 ······················································································································· 25 五、计算机检索 ······················································································································ 26 六、中医文献检索 ·················································································································· 26 第七篇中医文献综述的撰写 ·········································································································· 27
一、概论 ································································································································· 27 二、目的和意义 ······················································································································ 27 三、特点 ································································································································· 27 四、内容分类 ························································································································· 27 五、结构 ································································································································· 27
1.题目 ······························································································································ 27 2.作者 ······························································································································ 27 3.内容提要,关键词 ·········································································································· 28 4.前言: ····························································································································· 28 5.正文 ······························································································································ 28 6.总结 ······························································································································ 28 7.参考文献 ······················································································································· 28 六、写作步骤 ························································································································· 28
1.确定题目 ······················································································································· 28 2.搜集文献—检索 ··········································································································· 28 3.阅读文献 ······················································································································· 28 4.制定、修改提纲 ··········································································································· 28 5.再次查阅文献 ··············································································································· 28 6.正式写作 ······················································································································· 28 7.修改---反复修改 ··········································································································· 28 七、注意事项 ························································································································· 28
3
第八篇 科研设计 ························································································································· 29
一、概论 ································································································································· 29 第九篇 常用实验设计方法 ············································································································ 38
一、配对设计 ························································································································· 38
1.自身对照设计 ··············································································································· 38 2.异体配对对照 ··············································································································· 38 二、交叉(配对)设计 ··············································································································· 38 三、完全随机设计 ·················································································································· 38 四、随机区组设计 ·················································································································· 38 五、拉丁方设计 ······················································································································ 38 六、正交设计 ························································································································· 39 七、析因设计 ························································································································· 40 八、序贯设计 ························································································································· 40 第十篇 几种常见场合的科研设计 ································································································· 41
一、调查研究 ························································································································· 41
（一）调查研究使用范围 ······························································································· 41 （二）要求 ······················································································································ 41 （三）设计要点 ·············································································································· 41 二、病因学研究 ······················································································································ 41
1、几个基本概念 ············································································································ 41 2、病因学研究方法 ········································································································ 42 三、诊断试验 ························································································································· 46
金标准： ························································································································· 46 研究目的： ······················································································································ 46 研究方法： ······················································································································ 46 界值确定： ······················································································································ 46 结果分析： ······················································································································ 47 四、临床研究 ························································································································· 49
（一）临床流行病学调查和回顾性病因学研究 ····························································· 49 （二）前瞻性病因学研究 ······························································································· 49 （三）临床评价研究 ······································································································ 50 五、动物实验 ························································································································· 51
（一）实验动物 ·············································································································· 51 （二）对照全面 ·············································································································· 51 （三）指标丰富 ·············································································································· 51 (四）实验结果的解释留有余地 ······················································································ 51
第十一篇 中医科研发展思路 ········································································································ 54
一、总体思路： ······················································································································ 54
（一）中医科学研究要满足中医学科自身发展的需求。 ············································· 54 （二）适应和满足现代社会的需求 ················································································ 54 二、中医科研方法学 ·············································································································· 54
问题： ····························································································································· 54 科研思路： ······················································································································ 54 避免 ································································································································· 54 三、中医基础理论 ·················································································································· 55
1．中医语言 ···················································································································· 55 2．中医生命观 ················································································································ 55
4
四、中医诊断技术 ·················································································································· 55 五、中医辨证理论 ·················································································································· 56 六、病因病机理论 ·················································································································· 56 七、中医医史研究 ·················································································································· 57 八、方剂理论 ························································································································· 57 九、中医治疗方法 ·················································································································· 57 十、针灸推拿学科 ·················································································································· 57
1、经络的研究 ················································································································ 57 2、腧穴的规范化研究 ····································································································· 58 3、针灸推拿机理研究 ····································································································· 58 4、针灸推拿学临床研究 ································································································· 58 十一、中医临床疗效评价体系研究 ······················································································· 58 十二、中医药疗效机制研究 ··································································································· 59 十三、几点想法 ······················································································································ 59 第十二篇 开 题 报 告 ················································································································ 60
一、概念 ································································································································· 60 二、主要内容 ························································································································· 60 三、注意事项 ························································································································· 60 四、课题论证 ························································································································· 60 第十三篇 医药科技论文的写作 ··································································································· 61
一、撰写科技论文的目的 ······································································································ 61 二、对科技论文的要求 ·········································································································· 61 三、资料的处理 ······················································································································ 61 四、材料的表现方法 ·············································································································· 62 五、撰写论文 ························································································································· 62
(一)医药科技论文的种类 ································································································ 62 (二)对医药科技论文的评价 ···························································································· 63 (三)医学论文的一般格式 ································································································ 63 (四)撰写过程 ··················································································································· 63 (五)临床病例分析············································································································ 67
5