Lecture 4
4.4.2 The list of Works Cited in MLA
(1) Type the heading Works Cited on top of a separate page, neither underlined, nor italicized or in quotation marks.
(2) All the entities in the reference list are arranged according to the alphabetical order of the surname of the author without the use of any Arabic numbers before each entity. If the author of a source is unknown, alphabetize the source by the first major word of the title.
(3) Each entity in the list begins at the very beginning of the line without any space. If you cannot finish within one line, you should continue into the second line. The second line begins with five spaces indented to serve the purpose of giving the prominent place of the author.
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Lecture 5 Paraphrasing and Summarizing
5.4 Reflections and Practice
1. The paraphrase below provide an example by showing a passage as it appears in the source, several paraphrases that follow the source too closely, and a legitimate paraphrase. Please point out the legitimate one and the word-by-word plagiarism ones, and explain the reason. (paraphrase释义，改写)
[Original Source] (A totalitarian) society…can never permit either the truthful recording of facts, or the emotional sincerity, that literary creation demands….Totalitarianism demands… the continuous alteration of the past, and in the long run…a disbelief in the very existence of objective truth. (written by George Orwell)
[Version A] A totalitarian society can never permit the truthful recording of facts; it demands the continuous alteration of the past, and a disbelief in the very existence of objective truth.
[Version B] A totalitarian society can’t be open-minded or allow the truthful recording of facts, but instead demands the constant changing of the past and a distrust of the very existence of objective truth.
[Version C] Orwell believed that totalitarian societies must suppress literature and free expression because they cannot survive the truth, and thus they claim it does not exist.
[Version D] In his biography of George Orwell, Gordon Bowker discusses the themes of 1984, quoting a 1946 essay by Orwell: “Totalitarianism demands… the continuous alteration of the past, and in the long run… a disbelief in the very existence of objective truth.” ( Bowker p.337, quoting Orwell,1946) [Key]
[Version A] plagiarism
[Version B] Improper paraphrase, plagiarism [Version C] appropriate paraphrase [Version D] not plagiarism
2. Paraphrase the following sentences. (paraphrase释义，改写)
(1) Deep waters that were once off limits to oil explores are suddenly accessible, partly because of advances in floating rigs.
以前开发不了的深海海域现在也能够涉足，部分原因是由于浮式钻机技术的进步。 [Key]
a. Deep water exploring oil had once been impossible before, but now it becomes practicable in part because the floating rigs have developed much.
(2) A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and proteins to match. 肝细胞与血液细胞分工不同，而且与之匹配的蛋白质也不同。
[Key]A liver cell plays a different role compared with a blood cell and the proteins inside a liver cell are different from those inside a blood cell.
(3) This suggests that there is a great deal of plasticity in the growing embryo that still allows it to develop successfully even when a significant proportion of its genes are malfunctioning. 这表明胚胎在生长发育过程中有较大的可塑性，即使大部分基因发生突变，仍能成功发育。 [Key]
It can be concluded from the cloning studies that the growing embryo bears a lot of plasticity
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which enables it to develop successfully even under the condition that there are a great proportion of malfunctioning genes.
3. Directions: Write a paraphrase of each of the following passages. Try not to look back at the original passage. (paraphrase释义，改写)
(1). \and it exerts tremendous control on our climate,\ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity.\ From \
(2). The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.
(3) Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head.
From \
(4). Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. \Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate.
From Peter Plagens, \
(5). While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building.
From Ron Bachman, \Here are sample answers for the paraphrasing exercise:
(1).According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere (\Cousteau\
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(2). During the twenties lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as many turned away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young \hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25).
(3). The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school children (\
(4). Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct sensory impressions of one experiencing the scene first hand. For instance, \of Tangier and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultan's palace, where one can imagine standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of colors and the fine outlines. Even the sentry, the bowaab vaguely eyeing those who come and go through the gate, blends into the scene as though real (Plagens 50).
(5). How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than the present world marvel, the Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).
4. Write a summary for the following passage. （summary综述）
Academic Honesty Policy
Gallaudet University students are expected to represent themselves honestly at all times and in all contact with University faculty, administration, and staff. Misrepresentation on University documents, course assignments, or examinations is in conflict with the spirit and teachings of a university. All students are expected to learn and abide by the rules and regulations of Gallaudet University, to provide full and accurate information on University documents, and to acquaint themselves fully with proper procedures for doing research, writing papers, and taking examinations. If a student knowingly provides false information or forges or conceals relevant information on admissions, registration, or any other University document, the student's registration may be canceled. If such a discovery is made after a student is officially enrolled in the University, that student may be dismissed from the University. A professor who discovers that a student is involved in unethical practices in connection with required coursework or examinations has full discretion to give a failing grade for the particular assignment, a failing grade for the course, and/ or recommend dismissal. Dismissal actions for academic dishonesty will be made by the Provost. Students dismissed for academic dishonesty will be ineligible to return to the University, except by special action of the Committee on Faculty and Student Affairs. [Key]
Sample of a summary from the \ Gallaudet University's \Honesty Policy\states that students need to be honest
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when filling out forms, taking tests, and doing writing assignments. If students are not honest, they can be severely punished. For example, if a student lies on an official form, like an application, the student can be dismissed from the university. Also, if a teacher finds that a student cheated on a test or a paper the teacher can grade the student's test or paper with an \ The teacher can also flunk the student for the whole course, or the teacher can ask the Provost to kick the student out of school for academic dishonesty. The Provost decides if a student should be dismissed or not
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