本星期六（8月18日）下午二时，全体教授和副教授在学院会议室开会，讨论国际学术交流问题，请准时出席。
例二：书信形式的通知
Dear Examinee:
As you know, due to unfortunate circumstances, ETS was forced to cancel the scores of the Octorber 1992 TOEFL administration in the People's Republic of China. At that time, you were notified that you would be able to take another TOEFL without charge up through the October 1993 administration. You should be aware that the TOEFL program has a long standing policy of not refunding test fees when administrations are cancelled.
We apologize for any inconvenience that this may cause to you. Russell Webster Executive Director TOEFL Program
Educational Testing Service
诸考生：
如你所知，很遗憾，教育考试服务处被迫取消1992年10月在中华人民共和国进行的托福考试成绩，当时，我方通知你直至1993年10月止，可免费参加在此期间的任何一次考试。你本应知道托福考试项目有一条长期有效的政策：当考试被取消时，之后的一次考试不再收取费用。?
因此带给您的不便，深表歉意。
教育考试服务处，托福考试项目执行主任： 拉塞尔;韦伯斯特（签字）
通知高考指引
通知在高考书面表达中比较少见的一种形式。在高考中最重要的是注意形式，还有要注意通知的对象、时间和地
点。
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日记写作指导
英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等。日记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型或抒情型，则是对某人物事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。
１．格式：
一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine （晴朗的），cold （寒冷的），snowy（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的），rainy（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。日记的小标题写在下一行，也可省略不写。 ２．时态：
写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写。因此，日记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。
写法大致和写汉语日记相同，都是在正文之前有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况。注意内容表达要清楚连贯、准确。
日记范文欣赏
Thursday Feb 13, 2003
Today is the first day of this new term.
I am very exciting and happy. I saw everything goes well. I am not to get with the school for a while. But in future I will like the school and study hard.
On the first day, I saw a lot of my classmates. They are fine and health. So I am very happy after the Spring Festival.
I must go on studying hard. I understand that study is my duty.
Today I had a cleaning. I was very tired, but I was very happy. I am not mind. I know I am on my own from now on.
Saturday Feb 15, 2003
Today is the Lantern Festival. It’s also Valentine’s Day in China. On this day, people often hold an exhibit of lanterns. And a lot of people like to guess the riddles written on lanterns. This is a characteristic.
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Some of people also like to play fireworks. It’s very interesting and nice. I like it so much. We must have family reunion dinner on that day. We also have sweet fillings in the evening.
But today is the last of the Spring Festival. I feel a little sad. What a pity. I don’t want the Spring Festival over. But it is not possible.
Monday Feb 17, 2003
Today I went to the market to buy some tomatoes.
Tomatoes look like apples and they are as big as apples. When tomatoes are ripe, they are red or yellow. If you touch them they feel smooth and soft. The ripe tomatoes taste sweet and sour. In summer you can buy tomatoes everywhere.
People like to cook tomatoes with eggs. You can also just cut tomatoes into pieces and mix them with sugar. How delicious they are! But remember not to eat too much. In winter, tomatoes are fewer, but you can still buy them on the supermarket.
I like the tomatoes.
日记是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式，但是经常出题的形式是和记叙文、议论文、看图作文结
合起来出。具体的高考指引可以参看记叙文、议论文、看图作文的高考指引。
议论文指导
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式；论据基本要是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。
写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论；也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法。
议论文是用逻辑、推理和证明，阐述作者的立场和观点的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点。新闻报刊中的评论、杂文或日常生活中的感想等，都属于议论文的范畴。
议论文又叫说理文，它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。
一、议论文写作三要素
议论文主要包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点必须正确。论据是为说明论点服务的，既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论据也可以是人们公认的真理，经过实践考验的哲理。论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有：
1. 归纳法
从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。
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2. 推理法
从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。 3. 对照法
对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。 4.驳论法
先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。
二、议论文的特点
议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出有利的事实，对论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。 三、议论文的写法
要写好议论文，必须注意以下几点： 1.确定论点。
论点通常在文章的第一段提出。
2.要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例。 3.论证要有严密的逻辑性。
所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论连接起来。 4.层次要清楚。
5.态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人。
议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充；议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。 6.论据要充分
欲证明自己的观点必须有充分的证据。作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历。
议论文范文欣赏
1)It is high time that something was done about the great increase of crime in our neighborhood. From 1989 to 1993, there were only five cases of theft and three burglaries. But during the last four months, we have had two street gunfights, destroying one corner shop completely, three attempted murders, and ten high school girls attacked on their way back home. Reports of small thefts and burglaries are printed every day, and some businesses and citizens have already been planning to move out of the area. So for the safety of our families and homes, and the prosperity of our district, local government should take action at once to change the situation.
2) Some people say that drinking alcohol is evil, because heavy drinking is not only bad for one's health, but often dose harm to others. However, drinking alcohol in moderation is not evil. On the one hand, for some disease, drinking is equal to taking medicine. For example, when you are caught in a heavy rain and arrive home trembling, drinking can help you get rid of the cold. On the other hand, when attending an important dinner party you may drink, and sometimes you must drink, because drinking can make social contacts easier Drinking creates a friendly and lively atmosphere throughout the whole dinner. Drinking, if well handled, can bring laughter and song to your life. It is not evil.
第一段中作者主要利用事实、数据来说明邻里中所存在的危险，第二段在论证饮酒并不总是罪恶时，作者利用了人的常识，大家共同认可的道理。
论据的提供应注意其来源可靠，论证合乎逻辑，因果关系不可倒置，阐述自己的观点言语不可过激、太情绪化。
议论文高考指引
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议论文尽管有多种写法，但中学生的英语作文都有提示，因此，论点、论据一般都是确定的，我们首先应准确找出论点、论据及其间的相互关系，也即是要找出要点；然后考虑如何组织材料，也即是论证的方式，短文的写法；还应考虑文章的时态、语态等。议论文常用一般现在时，但述说过去的事实时，可用过去时态；预测将来时，要用将来时态；也经常使用被动语态；有时假设一种虚拟情况时，还需要用上虚拟语气。在考虑了短文的写法、时态、语态等后，可根据行文的需要，使用恰当的连接词，按适当的顺序将写好的句子组合成短文。
议论文下水试游
1、人类已进入了一个崭新的世纪，不同的人有不同的幸福观。An Express Way to English (英语通)
正在中学生中进行幸福观的讨论，请你根据下表的提示，用英语写一篇短文，以便向该刊投稿。 Students Some Some Some Ι 范文：
Happiness
Happiness means different things to different people. For example, some students believe that if they have much money or a large number of possessions, they will be happy. They believe that they will be able to do anything they want to if they have money. Some students think that they should be in good health, and enjoy whatever they like. Many students wish to have much wealth from their parents. In this way they don’t have to work hard, and they can have everything. I don’t agree with the above points. We can’t buy many important things with money, such as health, happiness and knowledge. I value knowledge, which makes me happy, for I can do much for mankind with knowledge. Although different people value happiness differently, my “wealth” of happiness is in my study.
Buying and doing anything Health Enjoyment Wealth From parents free from work Knowledge For mankind Possessions Money Benefits 25