战”，他们的“辩论”变成了“大规模冲突”，在冲突中，马萨里斯“击败”了科利尔（不是他的论点，而是他这个人）。而评论员所遗憾的是“观众们杀戮的欲望”，观众们的情绪被辩论会进行的方式所感染，他们只想看到科利尔的惨败。
这就是把交流不同观点看成是一场斗争最危险的一面。它会引发敌对情绪，而这种情绪会像高烧一样蔓延开去。在一个人们用枪击来发泄愤怒的社会中，如果把与我们持不同见解的人都妖魔化，那么后果将是悲剧性的。
观众们的心中真的有“杀戮欲”吗，还是他们所观看的表演激发了他们的“杀戮欲”呢？另一个发生在艺术界的事件是一个剧作家和一个话剧总监之间的辩论。这次，辩论不是被比喻成战争，而是被比喻成一场拳击赛 ---- 这项运动，和辩论一样，从本质上来说就是一场战斗，需要你全身心地投入战斗才能取胜。报道这件事的新闻大标题为“拳击场一角”，副标题为“黑人剧作家和白人评论家的角斗”。新闻是这样写的：
??这是一场奥古斯特·威尔逊与罗伯特·布鲁斯汀之间的对峙。威尔逊是美国话剧史上最杰出的黑人剧作家，而布鲁斯汀则长期担任《新共和国》的剧评人和马萨诸塞州剑桥美国保留剧目剧院的艺术总监。这两个重量级选手从去年六月以来一直在文章中唇枪舌剑?? 只见他二人从拳台的两侧入场，握了握手，开始拳击 ---- 至少是轻拳出击。 威尔逊，文章解释道，曾发表演说反对黑人演员在没有种族歧视的影片中扮演“白人”的角色；布鲁斯汀则写了一篇专栏文章反驳他；接着两人便你来我往地辩论起来。 根据文章所述，“威尔逊和布鲁斯汀对峙的戏剧性在于二人互不妥协的态度。”没有人会质疑观众对戏剧性事件的喜爱有什么不妥。但二人互不妥协的态度真的是这一事件中最富戏剧性的地方吗？我碰巧在广播里听到了他们俩的这场辩论。赢得最多掌声的却是最后主持人安娜·狄阿弗拉·史密斯对他俩的一句提问，她问：“你们俩在这场辩论中都从对方那儿学到了什么？”观众响亮的掌声充分说明了他们并不崇尚互不让步的态度，他们想要看到不是互不妥协的双方在僵局中那短时间的戏剧性场面，他们想要看的是另一种戏剧性：变化 ----虚心地听取别人不同观点而带来的变化。
现在关于战争和拳击赛的隐喻无处不在，我们理所当然地认为它们是我们表达思想最恰当的方式，然而为了鼓励刚才所说的那种变化，并减少互不让步的态度，我们还需要新的隐喻来填补空白。
战争隐喻的替代者：身体里的国家 如果说我们把每一件事物都看成战争的做法促成、并巩固了我们现有的这种争执型的文化，那么别的文化也许能为我们提供新的隐喻，以及处理信息和争端的另一种方法。金伯利·琼斯正开始向一个强调统一协调，反对对抗的文化学习如何处理争端。她发现，日本人在某些情况下，特别是在办公室同事间，往往尽量避免公开的冲突，但在其他情况下，比如电视政治辩论中，冲突则很普遍。但这种冲突在大多数美国人眼中还是很“柔和”的。举个例子来说，辩论双方很快就能就小的问题达成一致，这样他们在更重要的问题上就能措辞更加强烈。除此之外，他们表达不同立场的方法也不同于我们的思维定式。 听一听别的语言表达思想的方式，你就会发现语言的世界是多么的不同。在美语中，我们用战争和体育隐喻谈论那么多的事物，于是我们很难想象还能怎样来表达同样的想法。美国人谈论疾病时频繁地将人体比作战场，而日本专家却能将经济比作是人体 ---- 一个“身体里的国家”。 比如，日本语言学家阿苏库·宏达曾分析过一个电视谈话节目。节目中的两名客人对日本的经济形势有不同的评估：铃木对经济形势很乐观，而塔卡哈史则很悲观。主持人使用了医学隐喻；当他问铃木是什么引起了经济的衰退，他用了“yamu”这个词，即“疼痛”（动词，意为“遭受病痛的折磨”），并且他向铃木询问“诊断结果”（shindan）。铃木说，
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他认为这是一个消化系统的问题：“由于过度饮食，消化器官出了问题。所以需要静养一段时间。”他的评论暗示了当前的形势就像是一顿大餐后轻微的消化不良一样，并无大碍。他解释说：“这并不严重，不像肝或肾这些内部的重要器官，如果这些器官出了问题，病人就必须住院治疗了。” 塔卡哈史接受了过度饮食的隐喻，但却用它来解释情况的严重性：“所以，这就是说肌肉已经很疲惫了。换句话说，因为体重超重，身体机能已经衰退十分严重了。”他的描述说明我们必须付出更多的关注和努力，经济才能复苏。塔卡哈史认为，“循环系统正在出现问题”。他继续使用了医疗隐喻，用它做了一件让美国人大吃一惊的事，---- 他承认自己也没有解决方法：“至于我们要怎样做才能让商业重现生机，我们也没有什么好的药物。”
Key to the exercises
Text analysis and comprehension
1. novel/new; calcified; their metaphorical implications
2. cat; pussyfoot; the movements of a cat cautiously circling a suspicious object
3. Americans talk about almost everything as if it were a war; breast cancer detection; Party Wars; ―battle‖, ―conquer‖, and ―shot‖
4. a loaded gun; wound or kill just as surely; the terms in which we talk about something shape the way we think about it
5. bumped; smashed; smashed; say having seen broken glass; the power of words to shape perception/ that the terms in which people are asked to recall something affect what they recall 6. they train us to think about everything in terms of fighting , conflict and war, which limits our imaginations when we consider what we can do about the situations
7. what triggers aggregation/ what makes the single cells join together; there must exists a pacemaker cell; such a cell doesn’t exist and the aggregation is just a reaction of the cells to their environment; that we tend to view nature through our understanding of human relations as hierarchical/ the conceptual metaphor of hierarchical governance; common metaphors that are taken for granted influence how researchers think about natural phenomena
8. the metaphors we use in our language not only shed light on how we think about the people and the world around, but also shape the way we think about them 9. warriors; a fight between two opponents
10. Mr. Wynton Marsalis, the trumpeter, defeated Mr. John Lincoln Collier, the writer, in their debate in August at Lincoln Center about their different opinions on Jazz which they had held for several years. What was unpleasant was that the audience liked the humiliation in the debate rather than the elucidation
11. a fight; animosity; we demonize those with whom we disagree
12. Black performers taking ―white‖ roles in color-blind casting; boxing; duke it out; to fight with fists
13. intransigence; listening to someone with a different point of view 14. argument; emphasize harmony and discourage confrontation 15. fight, bullet, weapon, war, battle 16. You’re wasting my time. This gadget will save your time.
How do you spend your time these days? That flat tire cost me an hour.
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You’re running out of time. You need to budget your time. Put aside some time for ping pong. Is that worth your time?
You don’t use your time profitably. I lost a lot of time when I got sick.
Cloze
1. shapes 2. as 3. expression 4. in that 5. explicit 6. assumption 7. extensive
8. provides 9. convey 10. based 11. or 12. toward 13. cycle 14. coined 15. proposed
Error Correction
1. Vancouver is a wonderful city to live in for anyone who likes rain and dog.
2. Driving recklessly and without lights, Gina was stopped by the police at a road block. 3. In a hurry to get to the interview on time, I left my resume at home.
4. Tanya had obviously drunk too much, so I drove her to her apartment, made her a pot of coffee, and called her mother.
5. In order to succeed in this economy, small businesses must be creative, innovative and flexible.
6. The old house on the bay at St. Anthony’s island looks just as good as it was twenty years ago.
7. What the heroes seek is not wealth nor peaceful life, but the undying fame. 8. I wish I were a piece of cloud giving them cool shade.
9. No matter what difficulties they may come across, they will help one another to get over them.
10. The mathematician had spoken about his research for two hours, but not a word could we understand.
I. Sentence refining A) Combining
1. John O’Hra is said to have disregarded revision altogether in his later years, for he typed his pages and mailed them unrevised to his publisher.
2. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of President John F. Kennedy, made a fortune in banking and real estate.
3. She achieved her goal in 1920 when Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote.
4. It is so strange that everytime I see roses, my nose starts to itch.
5. Though Frank Waters was a powerful man, he could not lift the big stove, which weighed over four hundred pounds.
6. Although Custer’s extraordinary exploits in the Civil War made him the youngest general in the Union Army, most people only know that he was the central figure in ―Custer’s last stand‖. 7. Unlike ants or bees which live in colonies, the young walk away and live alone when
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hatched.
8. When the snow melts in the spring, the dirt roads in the region turn into muddy streams, so people who live in isolated houses use old footpaths to reach Bridgeton, which has two grocery stores and one gas pump.
B) Refining by eliminating wordiness
1. Some of the compact cars sold by American companies are manufactured in Japan.
2. In French, a computer is called an ordinateur, software le logiciel, and data processing I’informatique.
3. I feel that there is no basis in fact for the existence of UFOs.
4. In my view, an English program that teaches the fundamentals is prerequisite to one’s success in college and society.
III. Paragraph Editing:
On the opening night of our school play, I was more nervous than I had ever been in my life, not because I didn’t know the lines for my insignificant part in the play, but because I knew that our crew was not well prepared. I was terrified that something would go wrong while I was on stage, and that I would look like a fool in front of all my family and friends who sat in the front seats. As it turned out, my fears were justified that the performance was a complete disaster.
翻译技能要略之十一：定语从句的译法
1. 对任何市场的控制达到这样的地步都不可避免会给社会带来负担，这负担虽然隐藏不露，其代价却可能是难以估量的。
2. 这个措词温和、审慎草拟的决议草案基本上是一项呼吁，尽管它有缺点，我们仍然要支持。
3. 伊丽莎白不肯再和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无礼，十分令人反感。 4. 它符合宪章精神，因为宪章承认由地区进行排解纠纷的作用。
5. 为了确保数字时代的语言——软件能一如既往地保持富有创新性，我们今天所采取的行动将对二十一世纪我们的生活和经济产生深远的影响。
6. 历史上每个时刻转瞬即逝，因而既珍贵又独特。但是有一些时刻却标志启元，其间确定了未来几十年乃至几百年的发展道路。
7. 我很庆幸自己出生在英国，在诸多理由中，首要原因的是我能够用我的母语阅读莎士比亚。
8. 1991年，本世纪最多事的年份之一，世界目睹了卫星现场直播电视对这些事件所产生的影响。连新闻定义本身也被改写了，从已发生的故事变为收看时正在发生的事。
9. 于是，就出现了这样的情况，正当新办的工厂纷纷成立需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、肌肠辘辘的从事农业的劳动者，携妻带儿，被迫流入城市。他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不讲什么条件，只要不让他们饿死就行。
10. 当时，有教养的人家对于女子至多不过让她们对艺术稍有涉猎，并不鼓励她们去做更有抱负的事。但她不受旧思想的约束，担任了一家名叫《家庭通杂志》的编辑。她在这个刊物上大胆发表革命社会主义者朱尔瓦莱斯的文章。
11. 跟在她后面的是她的女儿，一种惧畏和羞怯使她躲缩在后边，眼睛不敢正视前方，这种神情是谁都看的出她是从那儿得来的。原来她的母亲虽然没有受过教育，却具有诗人般的情怀，拥有幻想、感情和天生的仁厚，她的父亲呢，又特具一种沉着和稳重的性格，两下
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结合起来造成她这样一个人了。
12. In 1905, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history.
13. Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 14. Albert Einstein, whose theories on space, time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen ―Person of the Century‖ by Times magazine on Sunday. 15. He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.
16. One who has accumulated moral power will certainly also possess eloquence; but he who has eloquence does not necessarily possess moral power.
17. This strength and confidence demonstrates our national cohesion with which China will march into the new century, a century of challenges and hopes.
18. Computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man. 19. Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable computers.
20. Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming; yet in between how swift is the shift, in such a rush?
21. The inevitable consequence of tardiness or infrequence in answering letters is a corresponding reduction, and ultimate cessation of, the pleasure of receiving letters, in which case friendship is prematurely broken off, until the day in sackcloth and ashes you summon up the willpower to put pen to paper again.
22. Those who you really put out of your mind, and do so without qualm, are those friends who have already been replied to.
23. For the sake of a better world and our offspring, we should follow a path of development driven by science and technology that is economically viable, resource conserving and environmentally friendly. Supplementary Reading New words in Context
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. B 8.D 9. C 10. D
Translation
对多数人来说，隐喻是诗歌想象和修辞华丽的工具，是不凡而非平凡的语言。此外，隐喻通常仅仅被看作是语言特色而已，事及词汇而非思想或行为。因此，多数人认为没有隐喻他们依然相安无事。不过，我们发现，隐喻在日常生活中无所不在，不仅存在于语言中，也存在于思想与行为中。我们平时赖以思考和行动的概念系统在本质上具有隐喻性。
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