2014考研英语十二大基础语法大全(4)

2019-05-18 21:34

条件状语从句的动词形式(三种) (1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were),通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用. (2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形 (3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形 主句的动词形式 I(we)should+动词原形 主语+would (might, could)+动词原形

4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同,虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。

5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式: 1)条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中,如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首,谓语主语之前,用 “Were/Had/Should + 主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从句相同。当然,如果从句没有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if.

2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。(可以改为条件状语从句)。例如: Without air, there would be no living things. But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.

3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)例如:

It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.

6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句

表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。

(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法

1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中,表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望,可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望,从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气,不管这个愿望是否能实现。如:

I wish it were Spring all the year round. I wish you could go with us.

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中: 这时,如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去,则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式;如果指的时现在的状况,则用过去式(be用were);指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系。 3、在It is (high) time (that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were), 或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是(“现在)该…”。For example: It is time we left/should leave.

It is high time that you got married.

4、在 I would rather (that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。

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这句话的意思是“我宁可…”,表示说话人的意愿。 For example:

I’d rather I were in the rain now. I’d rather you did not tell him.

5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如…”,但suppose 是动词,不是连词。如:

Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?

Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?

Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent. What would China do?

6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中,表示“怕…”“万一…”等意思。从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should 可以省略。如:

She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold.

The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged. Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building.

7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词,如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should 可以省略,而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如: We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that they (should) go with us.

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. He demanded that we (should) start right away.

The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed. The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down. Now let’s do some translation:

总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。

The general manager insisted that the project be carried out as planned. 省长请求再给他一次机会。

The governor requested that he be given another chance. 美国要求伊朗必须无条件放弃其核武器计划。

The United States demanded that Iran should unconditionally give up its nuclear weapon program (program to develop nuclear weapons) 最高法院裁定此案必须重新审理。

The Supreme Court ruled that this case be retried. 医生建议,即使在节假日人们也不应该熬夜。

8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词,或在这些动词用作名词时,名词之后的从句用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should 可以省略。从句的引导词that 不能省略。这与上述第7项类似。如:

He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off. = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.

Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized. = We suggest that education not be industrialized.

The president’s decision is that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time. =The president decided that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time.

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9、上述动词在It is suggested that…, It is required that…, It’s requested that…, It’s ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中,that 之后的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用should+动词原形, should 可以省略,但引导词that 不能省略。如: It was suggested that he attend the conference. It was requested that the trial be openly reported.

10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that…句型中,that 引导的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。 For example:

It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter. It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.

It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board meeting. 另外,在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住。如:

May you be happy! May you succeed!

Long live the People’s Republic of China! Everybody leave the room! You had better not resign. I would rather not tell you.

总之,虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点,因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多,动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同时,也要善于发现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化,大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种:

一种是动词用过去式,过去分词式,或过去将来式,这主要是用if…, wish, suppose的情况;

一种是动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略),这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句,以及It is important (necessary) that…后面所接的从句; 一种是动词用过去式,如It is (high) time (that)…和I would rather 后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律,如把虚拟语气句型可以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。

Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate what we have learned about subjunctive mood:

四、非谓语动词

1、我喜欢做饭。“ I like cooking. ”

本句中,“like”(喜欢)是谓语。“cooking”(做饭)是宾语,用动名词形式。又如:“ He likes cooking. ”在英语中。谓语动词经常随着主语的人称、数而变化,但动名词作宾语时是不变的。

2、对我来说,学英语不容易。“ It\\' s not easy for me to learn English.”

3、从太空看,地球是个蓝色的球体。 “Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.”

请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中,做饭、学英语、从太空看分别作句子的宾

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语、主语和状语,但是其动词形式“做”、“学”、“看”没有变化。而在这几句英语中,“做饭”变成了cooking, “学”变成了to learn,“看”变成了seen. 动词形式发生了变化,而且必须发生变化,因为这些句子有另外的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”,又叫“非限定性动词”,他们没有人称和数的变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别,也是中国人学英语的一个难点,同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地方。需要特别注意的是:英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构,即一个谓语,如果单句中出现了另外的动词,这些动词就要改变形式。 以上英语句子中cooking, to learn, seen 等具有动词特征,但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式,就叫动词的非谓语形式,也叫非谓语动词。

我们再比较 “I like cooking.” 与 “He likes cooking.”这两句话主语不同,谓语动词like形式变了,但意义没有变化。而cooking 没有任何变化。再看 “It is not easy for me to learn English.” 和 “It is not easy for him to learn English.” “对我”for me, “对他”for him之后的 “to learn”没有任何变化。可以看出,非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的,它们不受人称和数的限定,所以又叫“非限定动词”。

动词在句子中除了充当谓语外,还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用,在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时,就要使用这种形式。 动词的非谓语形式有三种:

(1)动词不定式:to study (to + 动词原形)

(2)分词:studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词) (3)动名词:studying (形式与现在分词相同)

动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。 动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例): 形态 一般 动词不定式 进行 完成 完成进行 一般 现在分词和动名词 完成 一般 主动 To write To be writing To have written Writing Having written 被动 To be written To have been written Being written Having been written written To have been writing A、 动词不定式

其形式是“to+动词原形”。 to是不定式符号,无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语,由for引出,加在不定式短语前面。

如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者,则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语,就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征,但又不是谓语动词,所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语,而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者,所以就称为逻辑主语。

如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether)等后面加不定式构成不定式短语,可做主语,表语,宾语等。

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(一)作主语。

在不定式短语作主语的句子中,往往用 it 作形式主语,而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如:

To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that. 象那样死去是一件可怕的事。( it 作形式主语,把真正的主语to die like that放在后面) To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself. 有自知之明不容易。

To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie. 撒谎并非总是容易。

Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。 It’s against nature to remain single. 保持单身是违反自然的。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that. 一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。(for a dog是不定式的主语)

For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for one to know everything. 一个人什么都知道是不可能的。

For his brother John to go to sea seems natural.= It seems natural for his brother John to go to sea. 他兄弟John去当水手是很自然的事。

It’ll be a great shame for you to forget her. 你要是把她忘了,那可太不应该了。 It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation. 我们不接受邀请不合适。(否定)

It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her resignation. 何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。

但是,下列形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出:

careless粗心的,clever聪明的,cruel残忍的,foolish愚蠢的,good好的,kind好心的 ,naughty淘气的,nice好的,polite礼貌的,right正确的,rude无礼的 ,silly愚蠢的,stupid傻的,unwise不明智的,wise明智的,wrong错误的,等等。 为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢?

因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 +of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何,可以改写为:“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如:

1、 It is difficult for me to learn English. 更强调学英语很难,不能写成 I am difficult to learn English. (这句话含有逻辑错误。) 2、 It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this time. =You are unwise to go to the United States at this time. 强调你不明智。

It’s very kind of you to come to see us off. =You’re kind to come to see us off. 你来为我们送行太好了。

It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to drink and smoke so much. 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。

It’s extremely cruel of John to kill animals. John杀害动物真是残忍之极。 It’s rude/polite of Jack to say this to her. Jack对她说这个,很无礼/礼貌。

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