Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系)
We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。 (独立主格) The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。 例如：
误：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。 正：He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。 注意：（1）分词作状语时，逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。 例如：
Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window，I saw lots of people there。)
我往窗外一看，看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window的逻辑主语，就是句子的主语I。)
（2）在see，hear，watch，notice等动词后，用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示动作正在进行。 例如：
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时，看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验)
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过教室，看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰的一刹那间，看见老师正存做实验)
I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间，打开抽屉，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时，用动词不定式。
I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。我注意到他们坐在角落里在谈论什么秘密事儿。 (表示几个同时正在进行的动作，用现在分词)
（3）在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中，用现在分词或过去分词表示的意义不同。在“have+宾语+现在分词”的结构中，现在分词所表示的动作往往是主体让(叫、使、听任、允许)客体做的，或使客体保持或处于某种状态。 例如：
He had the fire burning day and night。他让火日夜燃烧着。
Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。父亲让我整个署假天天游泳。 在“have(get)+宾语+过去分词”的结构中，过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主体的意志无关。 例如：
Mary had her dress washed。玛丽叫别人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗) had his legs broken。他的腿骨折断了。(表示与主体意志无关的客观遭遇) I had my watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷) They had Jack beaten。他们叫人打了杰克。(Jack是被打) （4）分词作表语时，现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、“使”等意义；过去分词有“被动”、“完成”“受”、“感到…”等意义。 例如：
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The story is interesting。这个故事很有意思。(故事使人感兴趣) He is interested in dancing。他对舞蹈感兴趣。
（5）谓语动词的现在进行时和作表语的现在分词形式相同；被动语态动词谓语和作表语的过去分词形式相同，但两者的意思不一样。 试比较:
They are moving their bed.他们正在搬床。 (are moving是谓语，表示主体的动作) The story is very moving.这个故事很感人。 (moving是表语，表示主体的特征)
Her homework was done by her sister.她的作业是她姐姐做的。 (was done是谓语动词被动语态)
Her homework is well done.她的作业做得很好。( done是表语) （6）generally speaking（一般地说），roughly speaking（粗略地说），strictly speaking（严格地说）等现在分词结构都是习惯用语，在句子中作插入语。 例如：
Generally speaking，a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。 一般地说，二十岁的足球队员比四十岁的强。 （7）分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，而独立结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不同的。 例如:
The last bus having gone，we had to walk home. 末班公共汽车已开走了，我们只好走路回家。 （三）分词的时态和语态
过去分词可以表示“被动”和“完成”等意义，因此没有时态和语态方面的形式变化。下面谈一下现在分词的时态和语态。
1.现在分词的完成式(having+过去分词)表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或两个动作在时间上有一定的间隔。 例如:
Having written the letter，John went to the post office.
(=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office. 约翰写完信后，就去邮局了。
Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.
(=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.) 老王在北京住了多年，所以对这个城市很熟悉。
Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.
(=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.) 小马喝了两杯水，感觉好一些了
一般式和完成式现在分词都可以表示先后接连发生的动作。在可能引起误解的场合应该用完成式现在分词表示先发生的动作。 例如:
Opening the drawer，he took out his wallet. (=He opened the drawer and took out his wallet.) 他打开抽屉，拿出钱包。
Coming into the room，he put down his bag. (=he came into the room and put down his bag.)
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他走进房间，放下提包。
Having brushed his teeth，Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast. 布朗先生刷过牙，就下楼来吃早饭。
(此句如写成:Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.可能指“边刷牙，边下楼’。)
2.现在分词的被动语态(being +过去分词)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如强调现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，可用现在分词被动语态的完成式(having + been +过去分词)。 例如:
The bridge being built will be completed next month.正在修建的那座桥将于下月完成。
Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was let in.汤姆回来晚了，所以被关在门外半小时左右才让他进去。
五、独立主格结构
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从句了。 例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn\\' t open.今天星期天，图书馆不开放。 (原因)改为从句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn\\' t open. 例如:
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 没有汽车了，我们只好坐出租车了。 Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal given，the bus started.信号发出后，公共汽车就启动了。 (时间)改为从句:
After the signal was given, the bus started.
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考试结束了，两个月之后进行期末考试.
The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later. Weather permitting, we\\' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天气允许的话，我们就去参观长城。 If weather permits, we\\' 11 visit the Great Wall.
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进
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来，手里拿着剑。(伴随状语)
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词+介词短语”构成，表示伴随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构，有时可以用with
引出，二者的意思是一样的，with结构更加口语话，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪水，离开了办公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子，手里拿着几本书，走进了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
Tian\\' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.华灯齐放，天安门广场显得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由这孩子领路，我们毫不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们对一定能搞好。
1、指出下列句子中的独立主格结构:
1) My work having been finished, I went home. ---My work having been finished
2)The woman sat smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a faraway look in her eyes. ---A faraway look in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I didn\\' t know what time it was. ---My watch having been lost
4) He came into the room, his face red with cold. --- his face red with cold
5) There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone, head bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her back to mast of the others
6) A man came in, his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow. --- His face hidden by an upturned……. 2、 用独立主格结构改正下列句子: 1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat. ---It being cold, …
2) Being no bus, we had to walk home. --- There being no bus, ...
3) Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the south. --- It getting colder, ...
4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang. --- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught..
5) Asia is the largest continent, being about 43 million square kilometer. ---…，its size (area) being about 43….
3、 用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空:
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____ (手里拿着一个大苹果). ---- (with) a big apple in his hand.
2) _____(下课了)，the children ran out of the class room.
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---The class being over
3） The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time, _____(鼻子冻得通红). ---her nose red with cold
4) Here comes the Shanghai train, _____ (从福州来的火车) ---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later.
5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的父亲坐在旁边) 6) ____(谁也没有什么可说的), the meeting was closed. -----Nobody having any more to say.
六、一致关系
英语的一致有三种:主谓一致，代词一致，肯定与否定一致
（一）、主语与谓语的一致
英语语法要求，主语如果是单数，谓语动词也要用单数形式;主语若是复数，谓语动词也要用复数形式 例如:
She likes to eat well.她好吃
We all like good food.我们都喜欢好饭菜。
Everybody was happy with the decision. 人人都对这个决定感到高兴。 I am a doctor.我是个医生。
（二）、概念一致
1. And连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 His opinion and mine are different他的观点和我的是不同的。 Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死对头。
What she says and what she does are totally different. 她说的和做的完全不同。 但是如果and连接的是指一个单一概念时，谓语动词用单数。
Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. 牛奶面包多年来一直是我的早餐。 Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her.她的律师和老朋友要娶她。
All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有这些努力和牺牲都白费了。 由and连接的单数主语分别有many a，ever y，each，no修饰时，动词用单数。
如：During the holidays, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期间每列火车及每架飞机都非常拥挤。
No boy and no girl has the right to refuse education. 男孩和女孩都没有拒绝教育的权利。 Man a man and man a woman was moved b this picture。许多男男女女都被这幅画感动。 2.如果主语是一个抽象概念(如不定式、动名词、主语从句等)谓语动词用单数形式。如果主语是用and连接的两个或多个抽象概念，谓语动词用复数形式。
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