well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \phasis on\of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \nd \h subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \nother look at the \on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \nfidelity\ople-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be2002年上半年北京市高等教育自学考试心理学史试卷:
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确的答案，并将其号码填在题干后的括号内。每小题1分，共5分)
1、古希腊哲学家、辩证法的奠基人之一赫拉克利特认为变化是世界万物的本质，并认为，代表万物根源的是 (C) A、数及其关系 B、原子 C、火 D、水 2、伊壁鸠鲁认为，万物的基础是(C)
A、上帝 B、灵魂 C、原子 D、永恒的自然界 3、18世纪法国著名的教育万能论者是 (A)
A、爱尔维修 B、拉美特利 C、狄德罗 D、卢梭 4、孟德斯鸠最著名的著作是 (A)
A、《论法的精神》 B、《人是机器》 C、《论精神》 D、《人类悟性论》
5、瑞士生物学家和心理学家波纳提出了神经特殊纤维说，这个学说又叫 (B) b/]~[fyu A、神经阶层说 B、感官分工说 C、内部感觉说 D、共同感官说
二、 多项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出二至四个正确答案，并将其号码填在题干后的括号内，多选、少选、错选均无分。每小题2分，共10分)
1．逢会论的代表人物是 (BD)
A．冯特 B.格林克斯 C斯宾诺莎 D．马勒伯朗士 2．提顿斯把心理过程分为 (ABD) _
A．理解 B．感情 C意识 D．意志 LMF]ap9
3．黑灵认为，人的视网膜上存在的标记分别针对着 (ABC) A．上下 B．左右 C．远近 D．前后
4．在心理学的发展中，对行为主义的产生有影响的心理学研究领域有 (BCD) A．社会心理学 B．动物心理学 C．儿童心理学 D．变态心理学 5．新精神分析学派的代表人物有(ACD)
A．霍妮 B．阿德勒 C沙利文 D．卡丁纳 三、填空题(每空1分，共15分)
1．柏拉图在他的《共和国)这篇对话中，把灵魂分为理性、意气和欲望。
2．笛卡尔认为，世界上有上帝、灵魂和物质，这三者都是不依他物而独立存在的实体。
3．斯宾诺莎认为世界上只有一个实体，他称为上帝实体。他所谓的上帝实体实际上指的无限永恒的自然界。 4．孔狄亚克承认感觉是一切知识的来源，他认为心理过程只是感觉的变相。 ` 5．美国心理学的机能主义倾向的理论基础是实用主义和生物进化论 。
6．在托尔曼对行为所提出的公式B=f(S，A)中，B代表行为的变量，S代表情境变量，A代表其他前因变量。 7．完形心理学的创始人是魏特默、柯勒和考夫卡。 四、名词解释(每小题4分，共20分) 1．四根说 2．意识阈限 3．费希纳定律 4、捆束假设 5．文艺复兴
五、简答题(每小题6分，共24分)
1．简要说明哈德烈关于联想的三条次级律。 2．爱宾浩斯对记忆的研究有哪些贡献? P201 3．简述詹姆士的情绪理论。P226
4．巴甫洛夫和斯金纳的条件反射有什么不同? P265 六、论述题(每小题13分，共26分) 1．学习心理学史的意义是什么?
2．试述华生关于行为主义的基本主张。
2003年上半年北京市高等教育自学考试心理学史试卷
一、单项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题1分，共5分) 1．第一个用心理学这个名词写书的人是
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistiunderstanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting \on\spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \s place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\s the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \benefit of\ously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \plug in own responsibility\ng cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \phasis on\of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \nd \h subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \nother look at the \on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \nfidelity\ople-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never beA. 笛卡尔 B．洛克 C. 亚里士多德 D．伏尔夫 2．骨相学是由德国医生_____创立的。
A．斯铺宰姆 B. 哥尔
C．比兰 D．苏格拉底 3．美国最早的心理学实验室是郝尔在_____年建立的。 A.1883 B.1911 C.1900 D.1887 4．提出学习顿悟说的心理学家是
A. 精神分析学派的 B．行为主义学派的 C．完形学派的 D．机能主义学派的
5．把个体的人格体系分为内倾和外倾两个朝向的心理学家是 A. 詹姆士 B．拉德 C. 荣格 D. 侯尔脱
二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分). 在每小题列出的四个备选项中有二个至四个是符合题目要求
的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选、少选或末选均无分。 6．以下所列出的人当中，具有进化论思想的有 A．达尔文 B．斯宾塞
C．阿纳克西曼德 D. 恩培多克勒 7．洛克认为，人类知识的来源有 A．固有观念 B. 感觉 c．联想 D．反省 8. 莱布尼茨提出了
A. 预定和谐说 B．单子论 C. 理性真理 D. 心的主动论 9．完形学派反对
A．捆束假设 B. 整体假设 C 恒定假设 D. 顿悟假设
10. 芝加哥机能学派的代表人物包括 A. 桑戴克 B．杜威 C．安吉尔 D．卡尔
三、填空题(本大题共7小题，每空1分，共15分)
请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案。错填、不填均无分。
11．亚里士多德认为植物有滋长的灵魂，动物有感性的灵魂，人有理性的灵魂。 12．冯德的心理学是实验心理学，而布棱他诺的心理学是经验心理学。 13．休谟认为联想的条件包括相似、时地接近和因果关系。
14．爱宾浩斯因为看了费希纳的《心理物理学纲要》一书，而想到用实验法研究高级的心理过程。 15 笛卡尔的认识论是唯理论，而洛克的认识论是经验主义。 16 完形心理学有两个特点：一是强调整体，二是描述现象。 17．\日心说\也称地动说，最早是由哥白尼提出的。 四、名词解释(本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分) 18．情操 19．中介变量 20．意识流
21. 统觉作用P158 22．神经阶层说P121 .)
五、简答题(本大题共4小题，每小题6分，共24分) 23．简述弗洛伊德的广泛影响。
24．行为主义产生的心理学基础有哪些? 25.简述詹姆士有关记忆的观点。 26.简述康德对心理学的影响。
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistiunderstanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting \on\spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \s place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\s the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \benefit of\ously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \plug in own responsibility\ng cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. o achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \phasis on\of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \nd \h subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \nother look at the \on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \nfidelity\ople-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be六、论述题：（每小题13分，共26分）1 27.学习心理学史要掌握哪些内容？ 28.试述冯德对心理学的贡献与局限。
（2004）西方心理学史试题
一、单选（共20分，每题1分） 1、心理学史从 开始。
A．十四世纪下半叶 B．古希腊
C．十七世纪 D．十八世纪 2、米利都学派是从 开始。 A．泰勒土 B．毕达哥拉斯
C．赫拉克科特 D．巴门尼德 3、 第一个用量的差异来解释质为差异。
A．普罗泰哥拉 B．阿那克萨哥拉
C．德谟克利特 D．阿尔克美恩。
4、 是西方第一个从事动物解剖的人。
A．阿尔克美恩 B．苏格拉底 C．希波克拉底 D．恩培多克勒
5、苏格拉底承认世界理性，承认宇宙的最高中主宰是 。
A．人 B．神 C．灵魂 D．精神 6、下面哪个观点是错误的？
A．亚里士多德认为心理学是自然科学的一部分。 B．亚里士多德认为灵魂是单一的。
C．亚里士多德认为心理的器官是心脑而不是脑 D．亚里士多德认为共同感官位于人的心脏区域 7、怀疑学派的创始人是 。
A．埃奈西德谟 B．卢克莱修 C．伊壁鸠鲁 D．皮波 8、最有影响的教父 。
A．奥古斯丁 B．阿奎那 C．罗杰尔·培根 D．格林
9、意大利的物理学家、天文学家和哲学家 ，应用数学和实验方法发现了动力的基本规律，成为近代实验科学的奠基人。
A．布鲁诺 B．哥白尼 C．伽利略 D．达·芬奇 10、斯宾诺莎的主要著作有 。
A．《人类悟性论》 B．《伦理学》
C．《单子论》 D．《新工具》 11、有关于洛克的理论有哪个 。 A．著有《单子论》和《人类悟性新论》
B．存在两种真理，一种理性真理，一种真实真理。莱布尼茨 C．用“预定和谐说”来说明心与身的关系。莱布尼茨 D．最先使用“联想”这一词。莱布尼茨
12、莱布尼茨将最不明白的观念称为 。
A．统觉 B．微觉
C．自觉 D．感觉 13、哈德烈认为联想的条件是 。
A．空间接近 B．时间接近 C．时空接近 D．距离接近 14、哪个理论是伏尔夫提出的 。
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistiunderstanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting \on\spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \s place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\s the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \benefit of\ously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \plug in own responsibility\ng cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \phasis on\of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \nd \h subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \nother look at the \on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \nfidelity\ople-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never beA．主张二元论的身心平行论 B．提出了不可知论（康德）
C．对内省法的系统阐述（提顿斯） D．提出心理三分法。（提顿斯）
15、联想主义的心理学是由英国学者 所创立的。
A．十八世纪 B．十四世纪下半叶 C．公元前八一六世纪 D．十七世纪中叶 16、赫尔巴特提出 理论。
A．原子论 B．单子论
C．实子论 D．灵魂论 17、黑灵的空间知觉天生说被 心理学所继承。 A．完形派 B．苏格兰派 C．怀疑学派 D．斯多噶学派 18、1876年创办 杂志，这是世界上最早的心理学杂志。 A．《心与身》 B．《心理学原理》
C．《心》 D．《一个婴儿的生活简史》。 19、 是德国著名心理学家，近代心理学的创始人，于1881年创办了心理学刊物《哲学研究》。 A．爱宾浩斯 B．冯德
C．缪勒 D．曲勒佩 20、机能学派的创始人是 。
A．安吉儿 B．卡尔
C．桑代克 D．杜威 二、多选（共10分，每题1分）
1、阿尔克美恩认为脑是 和 的器官。
A．感觉 B．心理 C．思维 D．欲望
2、希波克拉底在《论小、空气和地域》一书中，论述了 ， 等决定人的体质和民族的心理特性。
A．空气 B．地理环境
C．水 D．气候
3、柏拉图把人的灵魂分为 。
A．理性 B．意气 C．欲望 D．思想 4、亚里士多德区分心理功能为认识和动术两大类功能，动求功能包括 。
A．感情 B．欲望 C．意志 D．动作 5、哪些是伊壁鸠鲁学派的内容？
A.思维依赖于感觉 B．心智有两种作用，一种是自动的，一种是有意的 C．生活的目的是快乐 D．人的心由八个部分组成
6、奥古斯丁认为灵魂有三种功能 。
A．理智 B．精神 C．自觉的记忆 D．意志 7、体谟认为联想的条件包括 。
A．时地接近 B．因果关系 C．空间知觉 D．相似 8、苏格兰学派的代表人物是 。
A．黎德 B．孟德斯鸠 C．司徒亚特 D．拉美特利 9、有关卢棱的理论有 。
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistiunderstanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting \on\spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \s place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\s the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \benefit of\ously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \plug in own responsibility\ng cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. o achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \phasis on\of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \nd \h subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \nother look at the \on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \nfidelity\ople-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never beA．教育万能论 B．儿童教育论 C．民约论 D．主情说 10、九条联想次级律中最为重要的有哪几条？
A．持久 B．生动 C．频率 D．新近 三、填空（共10分，每空1分）
1、斯宾诺莎认为情绪有两类__________和__________。 2、骨相学是由德国医生__________创立的。
3、詹姆士·米尔认为联想有两种：一种__________；一种__________。 4、__________于1883年创立了“美国第一个心理学实验室”。 5、__________是行为主义的创始人。
6、十九世纪，精神病学中有两种思想派别__________和__________。 7、普罗泰哥拉第一个明确提出人的美德可由__________养成。 四、简答（共40分，每题8分）
1、提顿斯对内省法的系统阐述有哪些？
2、康德的思想，言论对心理学的发展有哪些影响？ 3、简述拉德的观点？ 4、简述詹姆士的情绪说？
5、巴甫洛的条件反射与斯金纳的操作条件反射的异同？ 五、论述；（共20分，每题10分）
1、论述爱宾浩斯对记忆的研究所做的主要贡献？ 2、对弗洛伊德的影响和局限进行评价？
2005年上半年高等教育自学考试北京市命题考试 心理学史试卷 一、单项选择题
1、 由英国学者于十七世纪中叶所创立，历史上最为悠久的心理学派别是（）A、 感觉主义 B、联想主义 C、机能主义 D、构造主义
2、 笛卡儿认为心身相互用用的部位在（）A、 肝脏 B、心脏 C、眼睛 D、松果体
3、 最先在美国使用心理测验来研究个体差异的心理学家是（）A、 卡特尔 B、郝尔 C、庄纳 D、比纳
4、 由卡巴尼斯提出来的学说是（）A、 神经阶层说 B、神经特殊纤维说 C、感官分工说 D、神经特殊能力说 5、 陆宰的部位标记说是心理学史上有影响的知觉学说，它是关于（）A、 时间的 B、空间的 C、温度的 D、颜色的
6、 泰勒士认为砀的根源是（）A、 水 B、土 C、火 D、空气
7、 毕达哥拉斯认为，自然现象的基础是（）A、 物质 B、灵魂 C、理性 D、数及其关系
8、 提出单子论，发明微积分，著有《人类悟性新论》的学者是（）A、 洛克 B、笛卡儿 C、莱布尼茨 D、司徒亚特
9、《爱弥儿》一书的作者系18世纪法国杰出的教育家和启蒙运动思想家（）A、爱你维修 B、阵德斯鸠 C、狄德罗 D、卢梭
10、实验心理学是由感官生理学与联想主义心理学的结合而产生，它的诞生是在（）A、英国 B、法国 C、德国 D、美国
二、多项选择题
11、 被雅典人称为“智者”的有（）A、 普罗泰哥拉 B、柏拉图 C、苏格拉底 D、亚里士多德 12、常识学派的代表人物有（）A、巴克莱 B、司徒亚特 C、黎德 D、休谟 13、赫尔姆霍兹认为基本色有（）A、红 B、绿 C、兰 D、黄
14、冯德（特）认为复杂的心理过程可分解为简单的心理元素，这些心理元素有（）A、感觉 B、感情 C、意志 D、思维
15、新精神分析学派的代表人物有（）A、阿德勒 B、卡丁纳 C、荣格 D、霍妮 三、填空题
16、十四世纪未至十七世纪初是西方封建主义向资本主义过渡的时期，一般称这个时期为（ ）时期，也称（ ）时期。
17、斯宾诺莎认为情绪存在着由联想而产生的移情现象，如（ 推爱 ）和（ 迁怒 ）。 P72
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistiunderstanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting \on\spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \s place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\s the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \benefit of\ously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \plug in own responsibility\ng cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality