3. 俄勒冈的一场森林大火 4. 纽约市23家医院 5. 波罗的海三国
6. 美国常年存在的问题 7. 伦敦西区的大商店 8. 联合国第二个发展十年
9. 美国其他有影响的评论家/其他有影响的美国评论家 10. 十九世纪美国历史/美国十九世纪历史 11. 政局非常稳定 12. 热变自动调节器 13. 金属高速切割 14. 猪胰岛素结晶
15. 两座用石头粗糙劈成的高门柱
16. 我们在其它方面的许多最重要的新工程 17. 世界上农业最兴旺的新地区
18. 美国劳工统计局最近透露的官方数字
19. 因长期同种族歧视作非暴力斗争而被授予1960年诺贝尔奖的第一位非洲人 20.《高级学生现代英语词典》 21.《牛津简明英国文学词典》
Chinese: General principle for placing several attributive modifiers before a noun 限制性 判断性 物主、国别 时间、地点 数量、指代 中国的 一位 现代优秀 的 有二十年左右社会 主义建设经验的 专为大学最新实用 生编写的 重要的 新 美丽的红 小麦的 新 描述性 名词、单音节词 青年 作家 本质性 中心词 我们 几十个 领导 干部 他 我们 这几篇 语法 英汉成语 平均 水利 讲稿 词典 玫瑰 产量 工程 昨天带来放在书架一本 上的 差不多同几千朵 时开放的 去年皖北 在其他地许多 区的 Drills 8.2.2c
Translate the above and the following into English: 1. 国际经济新秩序
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2. 公寓大院
3. 厦门经济特区
4. 社会主义的现代化强国 5. 强大的社会主义工业国 6. 世界历史上的新创造
7. 我国的安定团结、生动活泼的政治局面
8. 一系列长期贸易协定和文化科学技术合作协定
9. 门类齐全、结构合理、能够满足社会消费和整个国民经济发展需要的先进的工业体系 1. an outstanding contemporary young Chinese writer
2. tens of our leaders with some 20 years’ experience in socialist construction 3. his practical and newest lectures on grammar intended for college students
4. a new English-Chinese dictionary of idioms brought here yesterday and placed on the shelf 5. thousands of beautiful red roses that blossom almost at the same time 6. the average output of wheat in North Anhui last year
7. many of our important new water conservancy projects in other areas
1. a new international economic order 2. a compound of apartment buildings 3. Xiamen Special Economic Zone
4. a modern and strong socialist country 5. a strong industrial socialist country 6. a new creation in world history
7. China’s lively political situation of stability and unity
8. a number of agreements on long-term trade and on cultural, scientific and technological cooperation
9. an advanced industrial system which is complete in range and rational in structure and which meets the needs of consumers and the expansion of the national economy
1．汉语无形态变化，只有靠语序来表示各种语法关系。因此其修饰语不论占位空间长短、结构
成分繁简、复杂程度大小，一般都置于名词中心语前面，表现为逻辑思维的自然顺序。 (3)他是一个（平常得不能再平常的）普通人。
(4) 一个（满脸皱纹，头发花白，腰背微驼的瘦小）老太在一条小巷中行走。
而英语修饰语除单个形容词，一般都置于各词中心语后面。这一点主要是通过英语中独特的定语从句、分词短语、介词短语、不定式结构等来做到的。 1．He was a full of wisdom man.（他是一个充满智慧的人）
2．…also consider their bearable pressure.（?同样要考虑他们可忍受的压力）
Right Branching Direction (RBD) 但汉语的形容成分（定语从句），都是放在所修饰词的左边，称为Left Branching Direction(LBD) 首先英语RBD的特点有利于英语用定语从句表达思想，因为反正是在右面，写作者可从容不迫地写下去：
John read the letter that Mary wrote to the boy that Jane was in love with． 约翰读了玛丽写给珍正爱着的男孩的那封信。
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在音乐会上演奏的那位音乐家是从中国来的
The musician who played at the concert is from China．
Position of Adjective Clauses（定语从句的位置）
(1) Restrictive adjective clauses which confine the meanings of nouns usually precede the nouns they modify to make the expressions closely connected in structure if they are not very long.
Examples & Drills 8.3a
1. At once the sky grew dark, and the ground opened up near the spot where they were standing. (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp)
顿时天昏地黑，他们所站的地方附近的地皮裂开了。 2. Objects that do not transfer light cause shadows. 不透光的物体会造成阴影。
3. Atoms are the units out of which molecules are built.
4. Here we shall discuss only such factors as may cause distortions of the signal. 5. Multiply the force by the distance matter is moved to measure work.
6. We could not really feel satisfied, calm or in agreement with the situation with which we are faced at the beginning of this session of the General Assembly. (from the UN document) 3. 原子是构成分子的基本单位。
4. 这里我们将只讨论那些可能引起信号失真的因素。 5. 力乘以物体运动的距离可测定功。
6. 我们对本届联合国大会开始时所面临的局势难以感到满意，也难以感到心安理得。
(2) Adjective clauses which only have descriptive or supplementary function for the nouns preceded,
or very long adjective clauses, often follow, yet sometimes precede, the nouns they modify. These are translated in various ways, being separated from the main clauses. Examples & Drills 8.3b Guided Translation
(1) Translate the English adjective clauses into Chinese coordinate clauses:
1. Bernard Shaw was a well-known English playwright, who wrote many plays. 肖伯纳写过许多剧本，是英国的一位著名的剧作家。
2. You, whose ancestors pioneered the paths of modern civilization, have taken the road to higher forms of social organization and culture.
你们的祖先开辟了走向现代文明的道路，而你们现在又已踏上了走向更高级的社会组织和文化形式的道路。
3. World War II was, however, more complex than the preceding world war, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources, and territories. (W. Foster) 4. The time has long passed when they sought comfort in the thought that our economic plans were unrealistic and unworkable.
5. Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent by volume.
3. 第一次世界大战只是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战却比较复杂。
4. 以前他们认为我们的经济计划是不现实的、行不通的，并以此聊以自慰。这样的岁月，早已一去不复返了。
5. 空气是多种气体的混合物，其中氧气占其体积的21%。
(2) Translate the English adjective clauses into Chinese subordinate (adverbial) clauses denoting purpose, result, reason, condition, concession, etc.:
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1. John, who was sick yesterday, did not come to class. (reason) 约翰昨天病了，（所以）没有来上课。
2. They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. (result)
他们企图镇压反抗，但是（结果）反抗却越来越激烈，并已遍及全国了。
3. So my chances of getting to revolutionary China are pretty slim although I have not given up my efforts to get a passport, which will enable me to visit the countries of Socialism. (W. Foster) (purpose)
因此，我到革命的中国来的希望相当小了，虽然我并没有放弃努力，来争取获得护照，以便访问社会主义国家。
4. In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. (condition) 当两国发生争端时，如与两国皆友好，则应尽量避免卷入。
5. Peter, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiments, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically. (concession)
虽然彼得在做实验之前从头到尾仔细阅读过操作指南，但是由于他生搬硬套，所以得不到满意的结果。
6. He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old. (reason)
7. In this regard, I am pleased to point out that the declaration made by the Chinese Government in the United Nations to the effect that the People’s Republic of China will never practise a policy of big-nation chauvinism was no surprise to us, who have had more than a decade of friendly cooperation with that country. (from the UN document) (reason)
8. Their only concern is to produce an anti-China lie which might, at least for a time, sidetrack attention from their mischief-making activities. (purpose)
9. We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country. (condition)
10. Through great efforts we have finished the task under conditions, which are very unfavorable to us. (concession)
6. 他三岁就死了爹，所以记不起他爹了。
7. 在这方面，我高兴地指出，中国政府在联合国宣布中华人民共和国永不推行大国沙文主义政策，我们对此绝不感到意外，因为我们同该国已友好合作十多年了。
8. 他们唯一关心的是制造反华谰言，以便至少暂时转移人们对他们的挑拨离间活动的注意。 9. 我们认为，如果不体谅一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望，任何和平局面都是不会持久的。 10. 尽管种种条件对我们都很不利，但通过巨大努力，我们还是完成了任务。
The above examples show that though some English clauses may look “adjective-like”, they in fact imply adverbial meanings, such as reason, purpose, condition, and concession. Chinese does not use such long adjective clauses, so translate them into Chinese adverbials, which can be placed either before or after the nouns they modify. In these cases, Chinese connectives such as因为，所以，虽然，如果，但是，以便may be used to replace English relative pronouns (who, that, which, etc.). More about translating adjective clauses are explained in sections 10.3.1, 13.3.2 and 13.3.3.
Even more important to a successful translator, however, is to note the focus of information (信息焦点) in translating complex sentences with adjective clauses.。
1. Give me the book you bought me, not the one I bought you. (把你买给我的书给我，不是我买给你的那本。)
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2. How can I introduce into a casual conversation those lengthy lines of academic paper that inject the adrenaline into a given idea.
我怎样才能将那些冗长的学术文章的内容，在与普通人的交谈中表达出来?这些文字常为人的思想注入生机活力。)
3. AIDS patients and others infected with HIV, the AIDS virus, face discrimination of various sorts the world over, and the high cost and long-term nature of treatment aggravate quandaries that occur to a lesser degree in other serious diseases. 如果硬要还定语为定语，就会译成：
艾滋病人和其他受艾滋病毒侵染的人面对世界上各种各样的歧视，而且治疗费用高昂与需要长期治疗这种特点加重了在其他严重疾病中发生的程度较轻的窘境。 但是如果根据句意，将其转换成原因状语，我们就可以读到更为顺畅的中文：
艾滋病人和其他受艾滋病毒侵染的人面对世界上各种各样的歧视；此外，由于治疗费用高昂，再加上需要长期进行，与其他重病病人相比，他们所要面对的境况要严峻得多。 类似的连接词还有：“因为”、“为了”等。
4. Individuals who are infected with HIV but remain healthy and keep viral replication in check may offer some hope for guiding the design of an effective HIV vaccine
(有些人虽然感染了HIV病毒，但身体仍然健康，并能遏制病毒的复制，他们为研制有效的HIV疫苗带来了一线希望。)
5. Nobody could be said to understand the heath who had not been there at such a time. 凡是没有在这种时节到近那里的人，就不能说他领会这片荒原。
6. Washington who could have been king insisted that ultimate sovereignty lay with the people. (华盛顿虽然原本可以成为国王，但却坚持至高无上的权力应归人民所有。)
7. The software engineer bought the half million house, but the professor of sociology, whose salary is much lower, only bought a small apartment.
(那位软件设计工程师买了那幢五十万美元的房子，但那位社会学教授却因为工资远远低于工程师，只买了二套公寓。)
8. He decided to take this difficult course, which has made him extremely busy during the summer. (他决定修这门很难的课，结果他整个夏天忙得不亦乐乎。)
Inversion of Adverbials（状语的词序倒置）
. Those adverbials placed after the verb are called “补语” instead of “状语” in Chinese, e.g. She sings very well. 她唱得很好。
English: General principle for placing several adverbial modifiers S + V (+O) We study He has been He walked Manner Place or Direction hard in the classroom to London round the park Frequency Time everyday. before supper. last week. several times this year. I saw that film
at the Regal Cinema twice 10