Translate the above into Chinese.
Chinese: General principle for placing several adverbial modifiers S 我 她 他 Time 去年 Place or Direction Manner V (+ O) Frequency 在北京 在学校里 愉快地 遇见他 两次。 大声 慢 朗读。 看电影 一次。 跑 两周。 每天早晨 在室外 每天清早 环校 我们 每周 Translate the above into English. Position of Adverbial Clauses（状语从句的位置）
Chinese subordinate clauses（从属分句）denoting result or comparison follow the main clause; other subordinate clauses denoting time, place, cause, condition, concession or purpose generally precede the main clauses.
Examples & Drills 8.5
(1) Translate the following, paying attention to the position of adverbial clauses: 1. Stormy applause broke forth the moment she appeared on the stage. 2. He impressed me that way the first time I met him. 3. The machine will start as soon as you press the button. 4. Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence. 5. I am proud that our country is forging ahead at such a speed. 6. They said they would do it come what might.
7. She was so worried that she could hardly eat her supper. 8. She would have fallen but that I caught her.
9. Much as I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely.
10. Now that I think of it, we were wrong in turning down her proposal. 1. 她一出现在台上，就爆发出暴风雨般的掌声。 2. 我首次见到他就有那种印象。 3. 你一按电钮，机器就会开动。
4. 他一说出这些话，大家就立刻沉默下来。 5. 我国如此突飞猛进，我感到很骄傲。
6. 他们说过，不管发生什么情况也要做此事。 7. 她担心得简直吃不下晚饭了。 8. 要不是我抓住她，她早就摔倒了。
9. 我虽然非常钦佩他的勇气，但还是觉得他的行为并不明智。 10. 细想一下，我们拒绝她的建议是错误的。
(2) How to translate before and until (till) in the following? Before
1. Many centuries had passed before man learned to make fire. 过了好几个世纪，人类才学会取火。 2. It seemed a long time before my turn came. 似乎过了好久才轮到我。 3. I’ll do it now before I forget it.
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我现在就做，以免忘了。
4. We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain. 我们刚离开学校就下起雨来了。
5. The boy fell down from the ladder before he knew it. 那男孩不知怎么就从梯子上摔了下来。
6. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 鸡蛋未孵，勿先数雏。
7. It may be some generations before the average mind grasps the identity of time and space, and so on. (Albert Einstein)
可能要等到几代人以后，一般人才能认识到时间、空间等等的同一性。 8. Before I enter on the main subject I have something to say. 9. It was not long before he knew it. 10. Evening came before we realized it. 11. Work hard before it is too late.
12. I will finish this task before two months have passed. 13. We had barely sat down before we heard bicycles outside. 14. The day began to break before we got to the hilltop. 15. Before I could say a single word, he ran away. 16. She arrived before I expected.
17. One must sow before one can reap. 18. Look before you leap. 19. He will die before he lies.
8. 在讨论这一主题之前，我有些话要说。 9. 他不久就知道这件事了。
10. 夜晚不知不觉地（悄悄地）来临了。 11. 趁早努力工作吧（干吧）。
12. 我要在两个月内完成这项任务。
13. 我们刚坐下就听到外面有自行车的声音。 14. 我们还没有到达山顶，天就开始亮了。 15. 我还没说一句话，他就跑了。 16. 我没料到她来得这么早。 17. 先播种，后收获。 18. 三思而后行。
19. 他宁死也不撒谎。 SUMMARY
Some ways to translate before in adverbial clauses: a)（在）??（以、之）前：e.g. 8 b)（后）??才：e.g. 1, 2 c) 刚??就：e.g. 4, 13 d) 就，便，快：e.g. 9
e) 未??就，还没有（来得及）??就：e.g. 5, 10, 14, 15, 16 f ) 趁（着），不然会、要不就、以免：e.g. 3, 7
g) 先??（然）后，先??再，而后，未??先：e.g. 6, 17, 18 h) 宁（可）??（也）不（肯），宁愿??决不：e.g. 19
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Sentences thus translated often become contracted in Chinese（汉语“紧缩句”），and inversion of word order is sometimes unavoidable.
Until (Till)
1. Until he comes, nothing can be done. 他没来，什么也不能干。
2. Don’t fire until you have taken a good aim. 瞄准了再开枪。
3. Don’t wait until problems pile up and cause a lot of trouble before trying to solve them. 不要等到问题成了堆，闹出了许多乱子，然后才去解决。
4. When water is cooled, its volume contracts steadily until its temperature reaches 4℃. 水冷却时，水温若未降到摄氏4度，其体积就一直稳定地收缩。 5. Don’t open the door until the train stops.
6. The path is not complete until the wires are joined.
7. We cannot really learn anything until we rid ourselves of complacency.
8. A body at rest will never move till a force compels it and a body once in motion will never stop till a force compels it.
9. Never reach for the next step until you feel sure of the preceding one. 10. You never know till you have tried. 5. 火车未停，不要开门。
6. 导线未连接，电路就不完整。
7. 不克服自满情绪，就无法真正学到任何东西。/要认真学习一点东西，必须从不自满开始。 8. 没有外力，静止的物体决不会运动，已经运动的物体也决不会停止。 9. 第一步若无把握，决不要走第二步。/事无把握，决不先行。 10. 试了才会明白。 SUMMARY
Until (till) is often translated in the following ways: a) 在??之前：e.g. 4, 9
b)（等）??再，等??才：e.g. 2, 3, 10
c) The adverbial clause led by “until” or “till”, or the main clause, is translated into conditional
subordinate clause or the whole complex sentence becomes a contracted sentence in Chinese, e.g. 1, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Until (till) is a word implying negation. It may make an affirmative principal clause or adverbial clause negative in meaning and in translation, even though it does not appear to contain any negative words. Conversely a negative principal or adverbial clause may become affirmative. A careful comparison of the above English and Chinese sentences will demonstrate this principle. Details of words implying negation will be discussed in the chapter “Negation”. Inversion of Sentence Structure（句子结构的倒置）
More ways of inversion can be found in English than in Chinese. According to H. W. Fowler (1965:297), there are nine types of inversion in the English language (see the examples in section 2.3.1.2):
(1) Interrogative inversion (疑问倒装); (2) Imperative inversion (命令倒装);
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(3) Exclamatory inversion (惊叹倒装); (4) Hypothetical inversion (假设倒装); (5) Balance inversion (平衡倒装); (6) Link inversion (衔接倒装); (7) Signpost inversion (点题倒装); (8) Negative inversion (否定倒装); (9) Metrical inversion (韵律倒装).
Logically speaking, the two languages also find their differences in the arrangement of sentence structure. A common rule for what to be the first and what to be the next in arranging a sentence is often like the following:
English Chinese Effect → Cause Cause → Effect Conclusion → Analysis → Analysis Conclusion Premise →
Hypothesis → Premise Hypothesis
Comparison of Translated Sentences 译句比较 (1) Effect & Cause（结果与原因）
1. We are delighted with the two superpowers’ treaty limiting the number of anti-ballistic missile systems that they may retain and their agreement on limitations on strategic offensive weapons. ①两个超级大国签订了限制它们可保留的反弹道导弹系统的数目的条约并达成了限制进攻性战略武器的协议，对此我们感到高兴。 ②我们感到高兴的是，两个超级大国……。
2. At some dramatic moment in the story, the terrible secret becomes known and reputation is ruined. The reader’s hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands. (A Skeleton in Cupboard)
①在故事中某个富于戏剧性的时刻，骇人听闻的秘密终于泄漏，于是有人名声扫地。读者在小说的最后几页读到书中的女主角，一位和蔼的老太太，待人一向那么慈祥，年轻时却曾接二连三毒死了她的五位丈夫，这时不禁毛骨悚然。
②……书中的女主角，一位和蔼的老太太，待人一向那么慈祥，年轻时却曾接二连三毒死了她的五位丈夫；读者在小说的最后几页读到这里，不禁毛骨悚然。
③……读者读到小说的最后几页，不禁毛骨悚然：原来书中的女主角，一位和蔼可亲的老太太，待人一向那么慈祥，年轻时竟曾接二连三毒死了她的五位丈夫。 3. 生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life. 4. 伪军士气低落，纷纷哗变、倒戈，傀儡政权内部分崩离析。
①Desertions and defections are rife among the puppet troops as a result of low morale, and the puppet regime is torn by internal strife.
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②The puppet troops are low in morale and desertions and defections are rife…. (2) Conclusion & Analysis（结论与分析）
1. The solution to the problem of Southern Africa cannot remain forever hostage to the political maneuvers and tactical delays by South Africa, nor to its transparent proposals aimed at procrastination and the postponement of the solution.
①不管是南非耍政治花招和策略上的拖延手段，还是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建议，都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。
②南部非洲问题的解决不能永远成为南非耍政治花招和策略上的拖延手段的抵押品，也不能永远成为提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的抵押品。
2. 揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，这就是五
四运动的一个极大的功绩。
①A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was the public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotypes and dogma, and its call to the people to rise up against them.
②Its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotypes and old dogma, and its call to the people to rise up against them, were tremendous achievements of the May 4th Movement. (3) Hypothesis & Premise（假设与前提）
1. Our country could be effective in both the tasks outlined by the President — that is, of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East — if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation.
如果我们采取行动，以便能够继续与中东问题各方始终保持接触，那么我国就能有效地担当起总统所提出的两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平做出贡献。
2. 小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵
略。
The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.
(4) The Latest & the Earliest（时间的先后）
1. I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in the recovery of my lost document. 我丢失的文件得以找回，他出了不少力。对此我过去感激，现在仍然很感激。
2. He flew back just yesterday from Georgia where he had spent his vacation after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in the south.
他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程，任务完成后，他就去佐治亚度假，昨天才坐飞机回来。
英语往往把最需要表达的东西放在一个句子的最前边，而汉语却往往把最需要说的东西放在句子的最后边①。
印欧语 由内向外 由小到大 由近到远 由微观到宏观 由个别到整体
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