denoting a categorization of lage voltt descnhed 18 a data into groups. These groups can be mrked as A, B and C. This means thatt ume or l activities thes l are considered high on prioriy are labeled as A, those witha lesser priority atete coder B and the groups of activities that are last on the list of priority are labeled C grouped
Open Pollcy This refers to a cargo insurance pohcy that has an open contracL An open poll form of lcy asa l cargo insrance policy that is used to cover all grpes of sbipments undertakcn b J l tbe insured party. sometimes referred to as blanket coverage, the client is covred forr sl\and conditions of the insurancee agreement, as long s those ll shipments have been properly declared to the company that underwrites the policy Consagnee Tbis refers to an individual, company or manufacturer to whom a shipper or seller sends l merchandise. Intermediate consignee refrs to a patty who is responsible for merchandisee delivery to the ultmate consignee. intimate consignee, on te other hmd, refers to a party J l who is in the actual receipt of the merchandise in an export-related ransactionn Air Way bill This refers to a bill of lading that is related to air transportation which tends to serve as l the shippr's receipt. It indicates that the carrier company has consented to th licted goods J l and under an obligaion to carry the products that are delivered in the form of a ll consignment to the destination airport in accordance with te conditioos specifid to fr J l consignee and consignor. Air way bills are always non-negotablee Loglshcs can be referred to as an enternse planrung network used for the purnose off purpose information, material management, capital flows. In the words of a layman It cat bee described as deliveing at the right time, for the right prie and in the right condition. Whenen seen in te modem day competitive business action, it includes complex information alongg with importance to the control and communication systems of the organizaticrn. No matter the size and the area of operations of ati organization, logistics information plays an important role in the achievement of the goals of the organization Logistics does not refer to a single activity performed for delivery of goods; it extends to delivery of goods at the right time, at the right place, in the right condition and at the right price The loglshcs manager ensures that no fraud Is committed dunng the logrstrcs process and the logistics systems nm in accordance with the predefined plans and policies of the organization. An efective and efficient logistics system ensures the smooth fimctioning ofthee organization and it is rightly considerd as an integral part of the plans of th organizationon The plan must be clearly defined so that there is no confosion in the minds of the iogistics team. This clarity will help to accomplish the desired objectives of the organization. It must be drafed in accordance with the objectives of the organization. Itst aam must be to provide timely delivery of goods besides rendering noml ftmctions off logistics under strct deadlines and in conformity with busiess goals1s The loglstics team works under predefined objectives to ensure that the product Is delivered as and when needed, for an economtcal pnce and in the nght condition It may use the services of various modes of transportation such as trucks, bses, trolleys,, COUTII er companies, flights, boats or outsource he task to third-party logistics (3PLS).I Thus, logistics do play an important role in the execution of normal tasks associated with an organization. The orgnization must make necessary plans and guidelines to0 enslue that their logistics information system is ftinctioning smoothly at all times.
A Diversity of Modes Transport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobthty. They fall into one of tluee basic ypes, depending on over wbat suiface thcy travel - land (roadd nil and Papelines), water (shipping), and air. Esch mode is charactcrized by a set of teehnioal, opaational and commercial charactetistics: Road transportaton froad infrastriicbaes are large consumers of space with the lowest lcvel of physical co:iataints among tansponationa modes. Road transportation has an average opaatenalal flexibility as vehisles can serve several pnrposc but are ranely sble to move oirtcide roada.. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastriictures. Tey are mainly liaked to light industries where rapd movements of freightht in smatl atches are the normm Rail transportation Railways ate composed of traced paths on wbieh sce bound vebicles. They have an average level of pbsical constrains linked to the types of tocomotives and a low gradient isB required, particularty fot freight. Heay industries are traditioaally linked with rail trnapprtrr systema, lthough containerization has improved th fexibi:ity o[ roil transportaion by by linking it with roa and maritime modes.I Pipelloes Pipeline routes ete practically unlimited as they can be laid on land ar under water Pipeline constriiction costs vary accoalg to the diameter and increase proportinally withitt the distance and wih the viscosigr of fiuids (from gas, low viscosity, to oit, ttigb viscosity).- The Trans Alaskan pipeline, which is 1,oo km long, was built under diffrcutt conditionss and bas to be above ground fbr most of ita path. Pipeline tenninals are very important aince they conespoad to refineries and harbors. Maritime transportation Maritime trensportation is the mast effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances. Main maritimc routes are composed of oceans, coats, seas, lakes,, riven and ebannels. Bowever. due to the location of economic activities mantime cinulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particulerty over the Norht Atlantic and Inc Notb Prcific. Mantime tiansporlation has bigh terminl costs, since portrt infraatuchaes are aong the most expensie to btdld, maintain and impDoe. Higbigb inveotory costs also charactierize maritime transponation. Mcre than any other ade,, maritime ransportiton is linkcd to heavy industris, such as steel and petrochemcalica1 frcilitie adjaeent to poct sites. Air transportation Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North Ameica and Europe and over the Noath Pacifi. Air transport constraints arere multidimensional and include he site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters off runway fbr