如:
There are many kinds of animals in the zoo. 动物园里有很多种动物。 2)kind作形容词,意为―和善的,友好的‖。 如:
It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好了。 2. advice
意为―劝告,意见,忠告‖等,是不可数名词,前不加冠词。 可用―a piece of advice‖,―pieces of advice‖的结构来表示数量。 与advice搭配的动词短语有:
ask sb. for advice 向某人征求意见 follow/take sb's advice 遵从某人的劝告 give sb. some advice 给某人提出建议 如:
The doctor gave us some advice on how to improve our health. 医生对如何提高我们的身体素质提出了一些建议。 3. 辨析leave和forget
这两个词都有―遗忘,忘记‖的意思,但用法不同,注意区别。 1)leave+sth.+sp. 指―把某物遗忘在某地‖ 如:
I left my notebook in the classroom. 我把笔记本忘在教室里了。 2)forget to do sth.指―忘记去做某事‖ forget doing sth. 指―忘记做过某事‖ 如:
I forget to tell her about it. 我忘了把这件事告诉她。 I forgot telling her about it. 我忘记曾把这件事告诉过她。 4. in hospital
该短语译为―住院‖,hospital前面无冠词,表示抽象概念。
而短语―in the hospital‖则译为―在医院里‖,并非生病住院之意。 在英语中,介词和一些单数名词连用,可以表示抽象概念。 如
at school 上学 go to school 上学 go to bed 上床睡觉 in/ out of jail 坐牢/出狱 5. take a day off
该短语译为―休一天假‖。off表示缺席、不在、不工作或责任的免除,如: You mustn't take a day off just because you want to see a football match. 你不能只是为了想看一场足球赛而休息一天。
I think I will take the afternoon off, because I get sick. 我想我下午要休假,因为我实在是病了。 6. be mad at...―对……非常愤怒,恼火‖,如:
They were mad at missing the train. 没赶上火车,他们气得发疯。 mad还可以和其他的介词搭配构成一些短语。 如:
be mad about―对……狂热,着迷‖; go mad ―发疯,疯了‖。
7. bring...to... ―把……带到……来‖。其反义词组为―take...to....‖,即―把……带到……去‖,如:
It is raining heavily outside. Take an umbrella with you.外面正在下雨,随身带把伞吧。 Please bring the long ruler here,and take the short one away. 请拿把长尺子到这儿来,把这把短的带走。 Mum,please bring the English book and the CDs to school. I need them for my English class. 妈妈,请把英语书和CD碟带到学校来。我上英语课时要用的。 8. be supposed to 为―认为必须;认为应该;认为……必要‖,如: Am I supposed to clean all the rooms? 我必须打扫所有的房间吗?
You are supposed to pay the bill by Friday. 你最晚在星期五必须结清这笔账。 9. remind
remind及物动词,意为―提醒,使记起,使想起。‖
remind + doing sth.和remind sb. of sth.都可以表示―提醒某人做某事情‖ 如:
Please remind him closing the window when he goes to school. 他去上学的时候,记得提醒他关窗户。 10. make money 赚钱,挣钱。 make money=earn money 赚钱
如: He makes money by fishing. 他靠打鱼赚钱。 11. hard与 hardly
hard 为副词,意思是―努力地,费力地,辛苦地‖, 如: He works hard.他努力工作。
hardly否定副词,意思为―几乎不‖,表示否定含义, 如: He works hardly. 他几乎不工作。 12. response
相当于answer,reply,但是比这两个词的用法要正式。 常用于词组response to sb./sth.―回复某人或某事‖,注意to在这里是介词,它后面要跟名词或代词。
如: I've had no response to his letter. 我还没有给他回信。 13. be good at 和 do well in
这两个词组都意为―擅长……、善于……‖;
be good at 侧重于惯常的行为,do well in 侧重于具体的事情,指做某事做得好,但是现在这两个词组用法的区别日益缩小,通常可以互换。
be good at的比较级是be better at,反义词组是be weak in; do well in 的比较级是do better in,反义词组是do badly in。 如: I am good at English composition. You must do well in this test. 二. 重点结构
1. It seems that…是一个固定句型,―看来,似乎是,好像‖的意思。相当于―主语+ seem+ to do‖, 如果动词不定式为to be + 形容词时,to be往往省略。 如:
It seems that she is very sad. 她似乎很难过。 = She seems (to be) very sad.
It seems that he likes his new job. 他看起来很喜欢他的新工作。
= He seems to like his new job.
It seems that与人称代词连用,意为:―感到好像,觉得似乎‖, 如:
It seems to me that it will snow. 我看要下雪。 2. What's wrong (with sb./ sth.)?
What's wrong? 的意思是―怎么啦?‖,用于询问发生了一件什么事情,也可以在what's wrong的后面接一介词短语,询问某人或某物出了什么问题。 如:
— What's wrong? 怎么回事? — I don't know. 我不知道。
— What's wrong with your bike, Jake? 你的自行车怎么啦,Jake? — It is broken. 我的车坏了。
There is something wrong with his leg. 他的腿出了毛病。 类似的表达方法还有:
What’s the matter (with sb./ sth.)? What’s the trouble (with sb./ sth.)? What’s up?
3. It is + adj. / n. + for sb. to do sth.,做某事对某人来说……,在这个句型中真正的主语是动词不定式,也就是to do sth.是真正的主语,而it只是形式主语,如果不强调对某人的影响,可以省略for sb. 如:
It’s very good for you to read more English books. 多读些英语书对你来说是很有益处的。
It is quiet surprising to hear the news. 听到这个消息确实很震惊。 4. If +一般现在时句子,主语+一般将来时。
这是我们初中学习阶段中比较重要的结构,是if引导的条件状语从句。这里最关键的是要注意从句与主句的时态。 如:
If he is ill,he won’t go to school. 如果他生病了,就不会上学了。
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? 一.【单元目标】 Ⅱ.目标句型:
1. How long have you been doing…? 2. I’ve been doing…since… 3. How long did sb. do…? 4. He / She did sth. for… 5. What do you collect? 6. When did you start?
7. How many do you have? 8. What do you like to collect in the future? 9. What is the most common/unusual/interesting hobby?
Ⅲ.语法
现在完成进行时 二.【重难点分析】 1. 现在完成进行时
构成:
肯定句:主语 + have / has been + doing 否定句:主语+have/has+not+been+doing 一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+been+doing?
现在完成进行时表达―某一动作从过去开始一直持续到现在,有可能还要持续下去‖,现在完成进行时的句子中多用延续性动词,如:live,learn,study,work等。 (1)I have been learning English for ten years. 我学英语已经十年了。
(2)She has been skating for four hours. 到现在为止她滑冰已经有四个小时了。
(3)I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old. 我从十岁起就一直在集邮。 在这几个句子中,have和has是助动词,疑问形式需把助动词提前,否定形式在have或has后面加not,have not和has not可以分别缩写成haven’t和hasn’t,如:
(1)Have you been doing your homework since this morning? 从今天早晨起你就一直在写作业吧?
(2)Has he been writing the letters to his friend? 他是一直在给他的朋友写信吗? (3)I haven’t been seeing films for a long time. 我有很长时间没有看电影了。
(表明没有看电影这个动作从过去一直持续到现在,还要继续持续下去。) 2.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别:
(1)现在完成时强调动作的完成,而现在完成进行时侧重的是动作的持续进行。 如:
I have read a book about birds. (已经读完)
I have been reading a book about birds.(一直都在读,现在还在读,有可能会继续读下去)
(2)两种时态都有延续性, 但现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,无感情色彩;现在完成进行时表示一个动作的延续、重复,有时有一定的感情色彩。 如:
She has been singing all the day. 她都唱了一整天了。(抱怨、厌烦) 三.【重点词汇】 1. since的用法: (1)conj.
①(引导时间状语从句,从句中常用过去时,主句用一般时态或完成时)自从……以来;……以后 eg.
It was years since l had seen her.自从我见到她(到那时)又过去好几年了。 his just a week since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚好有一周了。 ②(引起原因状语从句,通常置于句首)既然;因为 eg.
Since he says so,it must be true. 既然他这么说,那一定是真的。 (2)prep. 自……以来 eg.
I have lived here since childhood.自小我就住在这儿。
He hasn't been home sincel993.1993年以来他还没有回过家。 (3)adv.
①(与完成时态连用)从那以后;后来 eg.
He left the city in 1985 and has returned only once since. 他1985年离开这座城市,自那以后只回来过一次。 ②以前
(4)构成短语:ever since 从那以后(一直) long since 很久以前;早已 2. since,from和for
(1)from是介词,后接名词、动名词,表示事情的开始点,以from短语作状语时,句中的谓语动词可用一般现在、过去和将来时,如:
The movie is on from 8:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. 这个电影在晚上8点到10点上映。 They chatted at the meeting from beginning to end.他们在会议上自始至终都在聊天。 (2)since则为介词或从属连接词,其后接名词、动名词或从句,表示从某一特定时间起直至现在或过去某一特定时间为止,依然继续着的事情的开始点,在以此为时间状语的句子中,谓语动词常用完成时。 如:
Many things have happened since they came here.自他们来这儿以后,发生了许多事情。
The teacher said that John had made great progress since last semester. 老师说从上个学期以来约翰取得了很大的进步。
(3)for 是介词,后接名词,可以用来计算持续的时间,表示事情从开始到结束所持续的时间,谓语动词常用过去时或完成时,for与一般现在时连用,表示时间一直持续到将来。 如:
The meeting lasted for hours. 会议持续了几个小时。 I studied the piano for three years. 我学过三年钢琴。 I've known her for five years. 我认识她已经五年了。 How long are you here for? 你在这里要待到什么时候?
3. favorite 作名词,指―最爱的物品‖,favorite也可作形容词,作形容词比较级和最高级形式。
例如:
My favorite food is dumpling.我最喜欢的食物是饺子。 4. stop表示“停止,结束,阻止”
The light turned red.I have to stop. 红灯亮了,我不得不停下来。 (1)stop作名词,意为―车站,站点‖。 例如:
I get off at the next bus stop.我在下一站下车。
(2)stop作动词,意为―停止‖,常用于stop doing sth.结构中,表示―停止做某事‖,指停止正在做的事。 例如:
The students stop talking.学生停止了讲话。(动名词talking作宾语)
(3)stop to do sth. 则表示―停下来去做某事‖,指停止原来的事去做另外一件事。 例如:
The students stop to talk.学生们停下来(开始)讲话。(不定式to talk作目的状语) We should stop to have a rest.我们应该停下来休息一会儿。
(4)stop sb.(from)doing sth. 表示―叫某人停止做某事,阻止某人做某事‖。 例如: