参考文献：
1．Gallagher MM，Camm AJ. Classification of atrial fibrillation Am J Cardiol 1998;82:18N-28N.
2．陈新，张澍，胡大一等，心房颤动：目前认识和治疗建议，
3．Levy S，Camm AJ，Saksena S，et al. International Consensus on Nomenclature and Classification of Atrial Fibrillation: A collaborative project of the working group on arrhythmias and the working group of cardiac pacing of the European society of cardiology and the north american society of pacing and electrophysiology，J Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 2003;14:443-445.
4．Atrial fibrillation investigator：Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy an atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994；154：1449－1457.
5．Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation investigators: Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation study final results. Circulation 1991;84:527-539.
6．The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1505-11.
7．Ezekowitz MD，Bridgers SL，James KE，et al. Wafarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1406-12.
8．Connolly SJ，Laupacis A，et al. Canadian atrial fibrillation anticoagulation (CAFA) study. J AM Coll Cardiol 1991;18:349-55.
9．The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators. A Comparison of Rate Control and Rhythm Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 2002; 347:1825-1833.
10．Gelder ICV, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1834-40.