华北水利水电大学毕业设计
目录
摘要 ................................................................................................................................. III Abstract ........................................................................................................................... IV 第一章绪论 ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 装载机的分类 ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 按发动机功率 ........................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 按传动形式 ............................................................................................ 1 1.1.3 按行走结构 ............................................................................................ 1 1.1.4 按装卸方式 ............................................................................................ 2 1.2装载机的发展状况及趋势 ................................................................................ 2
1.2.1 国外装载机的发展趋势 ........................................................................ 2 1.2.2国内装载机发展现状及趋势 ................................................................. 4 1.3本次设计的主要内容 ........................................................................................ 5 第二章 装载机工作装置概述 ........................................................................................ 7
2.1概述 .................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 工作装置结构类型的选择 ............................................................................. 7 第三章 铲斗设计 .......................................................................................................... 10
3.1 铲斗设计要求 ................................................................................................. 10 3.2 铲斗斗型的结构分析 ..................................................................................... 10
3.2.1 铲斗切削刃 .......................................................................................... 10 3.2.2铲斗的斗齿 ........................................................................................... 11 3.2.3 铲斗的侧刃 ........................................................................................ 11 3.2.4 斗体的形状 ........................................................................................ 11 3.3铲斗的设计 ...................................................................................................... 12 第四章 工作装置结构设计 .......................................................................................... 14
4.1 动臂的设计 ................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1 动臂铰点位置的确定 .......................................................................... 15 4.1.2 动臂的形状与结构的确定 ................................................................ 15 4.2 连杆机构设计 ................................................................................................. 17
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华北水利水电大学毕业设计
4.2.1 设计要求 .............................................................................................. 17 4.2.2 连杆尺寸及铰点位置的确定 .............................................................. 17
第五章 装载机工作装置各构件建模及仿真 .............................................................. 21
5.1 工作装置各部分的生成 ................................................................................. 21
5.1.1 动臂的生成 .......................................................................................... 21 5.1.2 铲斗的生成 .......................................................................................... 22 5.1.3 连杆的生成 .......................................................................................... 22 5.1.4 摇臂的生成 .................................................................................................. 24
5.1.5 液压油缸的生成 .................................................................................. 24 5.1.6 液压缸活塞的生成 .............................................................................. 25 5.2 工作装置各机构的装配 ................................................................................. 25
5.3 装载机工作装置运动仿真 ..................................................................... 28 5.3.1 创建连杆 .............................................................................................. 28 5.3.2 创建运动副 .......................................................................................... 28 5.3.3 添加驱动 .............................................................................................. 29 5.4 工作装置运动分析 ......................................................................................... 33 结论 ................................................................................................................................ 36 参考文献 ........................................................................................................................ 37 致谢 ................................................................................................................................ 38 附录 ................................................................................................................................ 39
附录一 外文文献 ................................................................................................ 39 附录二 外文翻译 .................................................................................................. 49 附录三 设计任务书 ............................................................................................ 56 附录四 开题报告 ................................................................................................ 58
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华北水利水电大学毕业设计
摘要
装载机是一种广泛用于公路、铁路、建筑水电、港口、矿山等建设工程的土石方施工机械，它主要用于铲装土壤、砂石、石灰、煤炭等散状物料，也可对矿石、硬土等作轻度铲挖作业。换装不同的辅助工作装置还可进行推土、起重和其他物料如木材的装卸作业。在道路、特别是在高等级公路施工中，装载机用于路基工程的填挖、沥青混合料和水泥混凝土料场的集料与装料等作业。此外还可进行推运土壤、刮平地面和牵引其他机械等作业。由于装载机具有作业速度快、效率高、机动性好、操作轻便等优点，因此它成为工程建设中土石方施工的主要机种之一。
本次设计首先介绍了装载机的特点与分类，概述装载机的现有技术，并对比了国内外发展现状及趋势，根据设计任务书确定这次设计的主要内容。首先对ZL50轮式装载机的工作装置进行设计，包括铲斗选型及结构参数计算；连杆机构的设计，即动臂、摇臂、连杆的结构参数计算。接着根据设计结果对工作机构各构件进行UG建模，对整体连杆机构进行装配，检查各构件是否干涉。在装配正常的情况下加载运动副驱动，进行运行仿真，根据仿真结果对装载机工作装置进行动力学和运动学分析，由仿真结果得出动臂提升时间、铲斗卸载时间、动臂下降时间以及铲斗的翻转角度和卸载角度均符合设计要求，从而验证了本次设计的合理性。
关键字：装载机；工作装置；UG； 运动仿真
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华北水利水电大学毕业设计
Abstract
Loader is a kind of construction machinery which widely used in highway, railway, building hydropower mining and other engineering . It is mainly used to shovel sandstone, lime soil, coal and other material and it is also used to dig ore . Change of different auxiliary work unit can also be used to bulldozing, lifting and handing other materials such as wood . During the construction of roads, especially in high grade highway, loader is used in subgrade engineering fill dig, asphalt mixture of aggregate and cement concrete yard and loading operations. And also can be used to push the soil ,level the ground and operation other machinery traction .Loader has the characteristics of good operation speed, high efficiency, good maneuverability, convenient operation, so it become one of the main models of the conditions in the construction of engineering construction.
The graduation design paper introduces the characteristics and classification of loader in first space, overview the existing technology of loader and comparison of the development status both at home and abroad. According to the design plan descriptions of the main content of this design. First, we should design the working device of wheel loader ZL50: Including the selection of the bucket, structure form, specific parameters, bucket rated capacity，Then according to the results of the design of each component to modeling work institutions by UG. Assembly the linkage and check whether the interference in the assembly. Under the normal operation of the assembly load the drive of motion pair and then motion simulation. According to the result of simulation, dynamics and kinematics analysis was carried out on the loader working device. By the simulation results of dynamics and kinematics analysis working equipment ofloader，Confirm the time of the movable arm ascending, bucket unloading , movable arm down and flip bucket Angle and the unloading point is the same as expected,If they are different from expected, analyzes its main reasons.
The keyword : Loader Working -device UG Motion Simulation
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华北水利水电大学毕业设计
第一章绪论
装载机的铲掘和装卸物料作业是通过其工作装置的运动来实现的。装载机工作装置由铲斗、动臂、连杆、摇臂和转斗油缸、动臂油缸等组成。整个工作装置铰接在车架上。铲斗通过连杆和摇臂与转斗油缸铰接，用以装卸物料。动臂与车架、动臂油缸铰接，用以升降铲斗。铲斗的翻转和动臂的升降采用液压操纵。
1.1 装载机的分类
常用的单斗装载机，按发动机功率，传动形式，行走系结构，装载方式的不同进行分类。
1.1.1 按发动机功率
1.功率小于74kw为小型装载机。 2 功率在74～147kw为中型装载机 3.功率在147～515kw为大型装载机 4.功率大于515kw为特大型装载机
1.1.2 按传动形式
1.液力—机械传动，冲击振动小，传动件寿命长，操纵方便，车速与外载间可自动调节，一般在中大型装载机多采用；
2.液力传动：可无级调速、操纵间便，但启动性较差，一般仅在小型装载机上采用； 3.电力传动：无级调速、工作可靠、维修简单、费用较高，一般在大型装载机上采用。
1.1.3 按行走结构
1.轮胎式：质量轻、速度快、机动灵活、效率高、不易损坏路面、接地比压大、通过性差、但被广泛应用；
2.履带式：接地比压小，通过性好、重心低、稳定性好、附着力强、牵引力大、比切入力大、速度低、灵活性相对差、成本高、行走时易损坏路面。
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