形容词详细讲解及用法(2)

2019-04-13 18:52

frightened代替afraid,以contended代替content。有个别这类词可作定语,但意思有变化,如:

what a sorry(可悲的) situation! This is a glad(令人高兴的) day for us.

72 另一方面,有些形容词只能用作定语,不能用作表语,如:

left,right,inner,outer,upper,hinder,utter,former,elder,eldest,major,minor,latter,lesser,wooden,earthen,woolen,brazen,golden,ashen,leaden,flaxen

His elder brother is fifteen.(正确) His brother is elder.(错误) His left hand is wounded.(正确) His wounded hand is left.(错误) He has a wooden house.(正确) His house is wooden.(错误) The figure is golden.(错误) The pot is earthen.(错误)

但在用于引伸意义时,有些这类形容词可以这样用,如: His future looks golden.(正确) His face is ashen.(正确)

Ⅱ.两类形容词 A.描绘性形容词

73 从实用角度考虑,形容词可以分为描绘性和限定性两大类。

1.绝大多数形容词都是描绘性的,前节所列形容词都属于这一类。它们可能表示有关人的品质,如Shakespearean,Dar-winian,Marxian,Herculean,也表示某些东西的特点,如Biblical,solar,celestial,可与地名有关,如

Japanese,Ro-man,Parisian,也可与某种材料有关,如 brazen,airy,earthen,可指外观,如long,colorful,square,也可指性质,如strong,harmful,lasting,或指情绪,如angry,sad,charmed 等等。

2.它们可以放在多种位置:a)名词前面,b)名词后面,c)系动词后面作补语,d)宾语后面作宾语的补语及前章所列的其他6个位置,如:

a)A good dictionary is necessary.

b)A dictionary good for children is necessary. c)This dictionary is good. d)He finds the dictionary good. 3.它们大多数可用于比较级,如:

strong,stronger,strongest;long,longer,longest;beautiful,more beautiful,most beautiful;depressing,more depressing,most depressing 4.它们多数都不能用作名词或代词,除非加上某种词尾,如:形容词——happy,honest,long,strong,sad,hungry,poor

名词——happiness,honesty,length,strength,sadness,hunger,poverty 有少数形容词可以用作名词: He is a good(形容词) man. He never does good(名词). He lives an evil(形容词)life. He returns good for evil(名词). He always goes the right(形容词)way.

He does not know the difference between right(名词)and wrong. He lives in a very dark(形容词)room. He never goes out after dark(名词). He felt cold(形容词). He shivered with cold(名词).

5.描绘性形容词都放在限定性形容词后面,用来修饰同一名词,如 all rich men,any red dress

6.它们对名词的单复数问题不产生影响,如 fat boys,wise boys,kind-hearted boys

B.限定性形容词

74 另一类称为限定性形容词。

1.这类形容词数量不多,仅仅有几十个。但它们用得很多,也很重要。它们可以表示数量,如 much,little,也可表示数目,如many,numerous,few,five.最重要的是,它们可以表示“哪个?”,如:this,that,all,any,some,every,either,both,the,a,这些也可称为指不词(demonstratives)。

2.它们只能用在名词前面,不能用于其他位置,如: Some dictionaries are very useful. He has a car. John has no children. You may ask me any question.

但有少数例外情况,例如有些可作表语或补语:

His faults are very few,and mine are very many. His money is too much,and mine is too little. He is fifteen.

有少数这类词常可用作补语,但这时它们是代词而不是形容词,如: That is all中的 all,My advice is this中的 this以及 Such is my purpose中的 such。

3.这类形容词一般不能用于比较级,只有少数表示数量的形容词可有比较级和最高级,如:many(or much),more,most;few,fewer,fewest;little,less,least

4.它们大多可以用作代词或名词,只有少数除外(如:no,a,the,every): Much has been said. Seven were killed.

John's is better than mine(不能用my). Mine is the red one. Both of them are ill. Don't say that.

5.如果和描绘性形容词同时用来修饰一个名词,它们都放在描绘性形容词前面:

He has many good friends.(不能说 good many friends)

He knows some such honest northern people.(不能说 honest northern some such people)

6.它们决定后面所修饰名词的单复数。这个问题下节将详细讨论。

Ⅲ.限定性形容词与名词单复数的关系

75 限定性形容词,或称限定词(Determinatives),对它所修饰的名词(主体词)起某种限定的作用,即决定在3种情况中属于哪一种:

a)可数名词——单数,b)可数名词——复数,还是c)不可数名词。换句话说,它必须与主体词在是否可数,及是单数还是复数上一致。某一特定的限定词,其主体词只能是单数可数名词,如 this book;另一限定词只能和一复数可数名词一起用,如these books;再一种限定词只能用来修饰不可数名词,如much ink.第四种可以和任何名词连用,如 some book,some books,some ink. 76 有些词组起着限定词的作用,如:a number of,lots of,a great deal of,它们和单一的形容词作用一样。例如在 a number ofstudents中,a number of修饰名词(主体词)students,意思接近some。如果机械地把 number看作主体词,把of students看作定语,就会理解错误。

77 1.下面这些单数可数限定词或限定词型的短语(简称SCD)a,one,each,every,either,neither,such a,many a,another,a certain,a single or half a都只能用在单数可数名词(简称SCN)前面。简言之,SCD用在SCN前面:[S=singular,C=countable,D=determinative,N=noun]

He has a car.(正确) He has a cars.(错误)

He has a money.(错误)

A certain gentleman came.(正确) A certain gentlemen came.(错误) He has not a single ink.(错误)

I have never seen such an animal.(正确) I have never seen such an animals.(错误) Such a water is not good for us.(错误)

78 2.单数可数限定词(简称 SCD)或不可数限定词(简称UD)或起同样作用的短语,如:this,that,a kind(or sort,type,class,form,make,style,brand,breed,species)of可用在单数可数名词(SCN)或不可数名词(UN)前面。简言之,SCD,UD用在SCN,UN前面。[U=un-countable]

This book is enjoyable. This weather is enjoyable. This books are enjoyable.(错误) That car is mine. That milk is sour.

That cars are mine.(错误) This is a kind of bat.

There is a sort of gas called oxygen. A Pekinese is a species of dogs.(少见)

79 3.通用限定词(简称GD)或类似短语the,some,any,no,what,his (or John's,etc.),the same,the very,all the,part(or half,most) many kinds(or sorts,types,etc.) of等,可用在任何名词的单数或复数(简称为GN)前面。简言之,GD用在GN前面。[G=general]

He has no car. He has no cars.


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