前哲流风 日新其格 澧县一中2012届高三英语二轮复习阅读简答 编者： 审定：
专题六 阅 读 简 答
解读考试说明
2007年高考英语湖南卷增加了简答题，作为阅读理解部分的第二节。2010、2011年湖南省《考试说明》则将其纳入书面表达部分，并对本题作了如下改动：共4小题，满分1 O分。前两题各2分(第8 1、82题)，后两题各3分(第83、84题)。
简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用自己的语言简要回答有关文章内容的问题，即在理解文章的基础上考查考生用简单的句子对所读短文的主要信息进行转述的能力。命题有以下几个特点： 1．语篇特点：体裁多为说明文、议论文和记叙文。文章结构严密，脉络清晰，易于把握。 2．选材特点：题材多为考生熟悉的日常生活话题和最新科技发现或发明，易于理解，文章简短。
3．设题特点：通常情况下，简答题的设题考查方式有四种，即词义猜测题、细节理解题、主旨大意题和推理判断题。题目以考查细节为主，兼顾考查主旨、语义和推理。题目设置对语篇理解的要求既有深度又有广度。问题既涉及词义转换，又涉及对文章整体内容的概括或归纳。 4．考查重点：主要考查考生对所读短文的主要信息进行转述的能力。
附一：2007-2011年湖南高考简答题题型特点
考点分布 年份 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 词义猜测题 73 细节考查题 74 73,74, 73,74 81、82、83 81、82、83、84 主旨大意题 75 推理判断题 75 75 84 体裁 说明文 记叙文 记叙文 记叙文 记叙文 短文词数 243 335 302 300 298 附二:阅读简答题2011年评分标准：
(1)，语义相同或者相近且语法正确，酌情给分。
(2)，实词拼写错误，每个扣0.5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。 (3)，语法错误，每题扣0.5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。 (4)，个小题均不得超过规定字数，否则酌情扣分。 注意：阅卷标准宽严有度，平时训练要从严要求。
应对策略
一、解题步骤
一般可以分为三个步骤：一是通过审题，划出问题的关键词，理解问题内容，把握问题要求；二十速读文章，根据问题关键词定位问题信息；三是推敲理解信息句，遣词组句回答问题。(阅读简答参考时间10分钟，6分钟阅读文章和题目，4分钟书写答案和检查核对) 二、答题技巧：
做阅读简答题时，要观察问题本身的特点，注意答案和提问方式的协调性。 1、以what开头的问句：
在回答的时候，要回答名词性的短语或从句，一般为名词、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句、表语从
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前哲流风 日新其格 澧县一中2012届高三英语二轮复习阅读简答 编者： 审定：
句或宾语从句。
2、以why开头的问句：
要用原因状语或者原因状语从句来回答，常用because或者because of来开头。 3、以how开头的问句：
这种问句一般表程度或方式。在简答题中极少考表程度的意思，所以只考虑表方式的情况。在回答how开头的问句时，一般用表方式的介词by或者through开头。 4、以when开头的问句：
以when开头的问句表示时间。要用时间状语或者时间状语从句回答。常用来开头的连词有when,介词有at, in, on，before，between, after, during等。 5、回答以where开头的问句： 以where开头的问句表示地点。要用地点状语或者地点状语从句来回答。常用来开头的连词有where,介词有at, in, on等。
6、在做题时，还要注意答案要符合题目的要求： ①字数不能超过限定的要求。
②找到的同义词的词性要与题目中所给的单词的词性一致，该单词要求首字母大写，而且还要打句号。
三、四种题型的探究及常见文章体裁探究
(一) 四种常见题型的探究
题型探究点一：事实细节题
命题特点及解题技巧
准确定位细节，紧扣题目，精心提炼，解答细节理解题
这类题所占比重最大，以how，what, why提问的问题为主。一般说来考生在文章中找到答案出处并不太难，难的是如何处理、转换信息，从而归纳出问题的答案。因为简答题要求考生既要用最简短的语言，又不能原封不动地照搬原文的整句话。此外，在回答细节题时，一定要注意提问方式和答案的协调性。不同类型的问题要求有不同形式的回答，不能仅仅为了答案的简洁而忽略了问题与回答在形式上的对应。 可采用词语替代，词类转换，分句合并和句型转换等方式来达到这个目的。
Example (2008·湖南卷)
Every January, Breckenridge hosts the International Snow Sculpture Championships． Fourteen teams travel from all over the world to Switzerland to compete．Teams sculpt for sixty—five hours over five days．Each team hopes that when the time is up，its sculpture will be judged the best．
As the championship begins，the fourteen teams are faced with huge blocks of snow that weigh twenty tons each．The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on the hard iced snow，but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity．
Most teams are inspired by what they have seen in daily life．For example，one team carved a teapot with tea pouring out．Another team sculpted a little cat on its hind feet(后脚) reaching into a fish bowl complete with water ripples(涟漪) and a crab(螃蟹) trying to attack the cat．In 2006，Team USA sculpted a golden dog looking at its image reflected in a mirror．To create the effect that the little dog saw its reflection in the glass，the artists carved two dogs facing each other with their paws(脚爪)touching．
As the final hours of the competition tick by，exhausted team members add last-minute detail．They use small brooms to brush off snow caught in tiny holes．One team member counts down the last five minutes while others
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前哲流风 日新其格 澧县一中2012届高三英语二轮复习阅读简答 编者： 审定：
are busy cleaning up the tools. If they leave any tools behind, they will be out. When the whistle bows, everyone must step away from the sculpture. The judges then vote on creativity，technical skills，and visual impact(视觉效果)of the designs． In 2006，Team USA took first place for their golden dog sculpture titled ―Discovery‖．But the competition is not just about medals and ribbons．―It’s not about the prize，‖said Rob Neyland，Team USA’s captain． ―It’s about touching the audience.‖ Every year，as the championship ends，each team is already dreaming of the next masterpiece it will design． 73．What kind of tools are the sculptors NOT permitted to use? (回答词数不超过6个)
______________________________________________________ _____________________ 74. What gives the sculptors ideas for their creative work? (回答词数不超过9个)
______________________________________________________________________ ____ 75．Why did Team USA win the competition in 2006? (回答词不超过1 5个)
___________________________________________________________ _______________
解析73．The tools that／which use electricity．事实细节题。根据第二段中的 ―The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on the hard iced snow，but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity,‖可知答案。
74．The things they have seen in daily life．事实细节题。根据第三段第一句话 ―Most teams are inspired by what they have seen in daily life.‖可知答案。
75．Because its sculpture was judged the best for creativity，technical skills and visual impact．事实细节题。根据第四段最后一句话―The judges then vote on creativity，technical skill，and visual impact(视觉效果)of the designs‖可知，裁判评判的标准是看其creativity，technical skill，and visual impact(视觉效果)，而美国队在
2006年的比赛中获得了冠军，这说明其作品在上述三个方面一定是最好的(the best)。
题型探究点二：推理判断题
把握全文信息，解答推理判断题
（一）命题特点
此题型要求考生根据全文所提供的事实及自己的一些常识，进行合理的逻辑推测，来判断作者的意图，人物的动机、目的以及性格特征，事件发生的前因后果等。简答题的答案在原文中是不能找到现成的，简单的题目可以通过某句或某段进行细节推理，而较为复杂的题需要在理解全文内容及结构的基础上进行逻辑推理。这类题目题干中一般有imply, infer, conclude, know, learn，learn, intend, attitude….常见的设问方式有：
What lesson can we learn from…？ What is the purpose of．．．? What’s the author’s attitude towards．．．? Why did．．．happen? What can be inferred／concluded／seen from the passage? What publication would this passage most likely be printed? （二）突破方法
逻辑推理题要求考生在理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵，进行合理的推断。具体地说，要注意：①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理；③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据进行推断，切忌主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测； ④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，把握作者的写作思路。 Example (2009·湖南卷)
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前哲流风 日新其格 澧县一中2012届高三英语二轮复习阅读简答 编者： 审定：
A long time ago, Milton S. Hershey, the creator of the popular chocolate bars, was dipped in warm chocolate. I know all about it. My grandfather was there!
At nineteen, Hershey established a candy business in Philadelphia. Although it failed, he tried again in several other cities and succeeded with Crystal A Caramels. But Hershey was not content. He began experimenting with chocolate and managed to sell his first chocolate bars in 1900. They were an instant success. In 1903, Hershey built a factory.
Hershey was usually pleasant and kind and enjoyed a good joke. However, in his chocolate factory, he held high standards for all the workers. He was both respected and feared. His anger would burst out when things didn’t go as he’d expected, and workers were fired for mistakes.
My grandfather began working in the factory as a young man. His job was to push the vats （大桶）of warm chocolate to a storage area. To do this, he had to push the heavy vats up a ramp （斜坡） and across the walkway. One day, Hershey was walking backward on the walkway while my grandfather was pushing a vat of chocolate up the ramp. Bump. Clunk. Ker-plop! Hershey fell backward into the vat. Everyone else held their breath and ran up to pull him out. Grandfather froze in fear. Was he going to lose his job?
Hershey stood stiffly with his hands on his hips. Color rose in his face. He said something in a low voice. Then he smiled. ―It’s not your fault, son,‖ he said. ―I need to watch where I’m going.‖ He put some chocolate in his mouth. ―Mmm, that’s good,‖ he said. Everyone laughed. The tour continued, with Hershey dripping chocolate as he went. And Grandfather kept his job.
75. What does the incident show us about Hershey? （回答词数不超过15个）
_____________________________________________________________________________
解析 (It shows us that)Hershey was pleasant，humorous，kind (to others) and really respectable．推理判断(人物评价)。由第三段及第五段(最后一段)的有关描述可以得出对Hershey的评价。
题型探究点三： 主旨归纳题
紧扣文章中心句，确定主旨大意和文章标题
主旨归纳题要求考生在理解全文或某一段落内容的基础上，用最简洁而又内涵丰富的词或短语高度概括出文章某一段落或整篇文章的大意(main idea)、标题或对人物（事件）进行评价等四个方面。总结出的中心意思一定要覆盖全文或某一段的要点，不可太偏或太笼统，该题型常见的提问方式有：
The main idea of this passage is… The passage is mainly about…
The best title for this passage is… What does the passage mainly talk about?
Please use several words to describe…
而确定文章的标题，其实质是要求对文章做深层次的理解，所以确定标题是文章主旨大意的一种升华。文章的标题常常以话题为核心， 对主旨进行再加工、整合与提炼，将关键词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组，标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，同时注意词数要求。标题要做到概括性强，针对性强，还要具有醒目性的特点
Example (2007·湖南卷)
The north magnetic pole (磁极) is no longer a resident of Canada. It has drifted across the Canadian Arctic and is now angling toward Siberia.
Not to be confused with the geographic North Pole—the northern extremity of the Earth’s axis（地轴），the north magnetic pole (where the Earth’s magnetic field is directed downward) is moving due to natural changes in the Earth’s magnetic field, a process that originates about 3, 000 kilometers below our feet, in the outer core（核心）of the planet. But scientists are now noticing that the magnetic pole has picked up its pace.
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前哲流风 日新其格 澧县一中2012届高三英语二轮复习阅读简答 编者： 审定：
Over the past century, the pole has been migrating at an average speed of about 10 kilometers per year, says Larry Newitt, head of Geomagnetic Laboratory at Natural Resources Canada in Ottawa. Since the 1970s, this speed has increased to about 50 kilometers per year.
Scientists are wondering why the speed is increasing, says Newitt. One Hypothesis (假说) relates it to ―magnetic jerks‖, sudden shifts (变化) in the rate of change of the magnetic field. There have been three jerks in the past four decades, each one correlating to an increase in speed.
If the north magnetic pole continues at its current rate, it could reach Siberia by 2056.
―For most of recorded history, the pole has been a part of Canada, and now it’s not,‖ says Newitt. ―It may be a blow to our collective psyche, but other than that, it doesn’t have a major effect on most people’s existence. 75.What is the main idea of the passage? (回答词数不超过8个)
____________________________________________________________________________
解析：本问主要讲北磁极的快速移动，而且这种移动速度加快了。the magnetic pole has picked up its pace.（第二段最后），所以，回答用：The north magnetic pole is moving faster.
题型探究点四： 词义猜测题 命题特点及解题技巧
词汇语义题目的在于考查考生转述(paraphrase)或解释(explain)某个词或短语在特定场合下的特定含义的能力。其出题方式为：Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word ―…‖. 重点考查动词、名词、形容词、副词等实词或动词短语。回答该题时所用词必须与问题中的原词在词性和词的形式上均要一致，如，要么都是动词，且都为动词过去式或动词现在分词形式；或要么都是名词，且都用名词复数形式。
解题时，要找出原词在文章中的同义词或近义代换词，一要注意理解原词在所在句的逻辑意义，如，解释什么与什么之间的关系，修饰什么事物等；二要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入句等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分，以此推敲猜测原词的意义，借此帮助寻找文中的代换词。
Example (2007·湖南卷 文章见探究三Example)
73．Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word ―angling‖．
解析 Moving／Migrating。词义替换题。从首段的 ―…now angling toward Siberia(向西伯利亚移动)‖ 可以看出画线词的意思是 ―移动，运行‖，所以检索第二段第一句的 ―is moving due to natural changes‖及第三段第一句的 ―has been migrating at an average speed of about 10 kilometers per year‖可找到答案。
(二)常见文章体裁的探究
体裁探究一 记叙文
记叙文(含夹叙夹议文)是湖南高考阅读简答的主要体裁之一。其主要特点是以记叙为主，辅以各种综合表达方法，包括描写、说明、议论和抒情等。通过对人和事的描写表达作者的思想感情和中心思想。记叙的要素包括时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果，即我们常说的五个w(who，what，when，where，why)。
记叙文的另一特点就是有一定的叙事线索，如：人物线索(人物的经历、见闻、感受等)、事件线索(中心事件的来龙去脉)、感情线索(作者或作品中主要人物的思想感情变化)、时间线索、地点和空间线索等。
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