九．过去将来时：should / would + 动词原形
1．表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。● He said that they would meet me at the station. 2．此用法常用于间接引语中。 测试精编：
1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader ________ on Saturday. A. is arriving B. will arrive C. would be arrived D. would arrive 2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we________ ready. A. will be B. would be C. were D. are 3. My aunt ________ to see us, she would be here soon.
A. is corning B. was coming C. came D. had came 4. They would be given a new house if more ________ the next year.
A. will be built B. would be built C. are built D. were built 十．过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词 表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
● She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in. 比较：
?. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy. ?. The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside. 测试精编：
1. It ________ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy. A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained 2. He told us that he ________ there since 1982.
A. has been living B. had been living C. would have lived D. was living 3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and ________ now. A. is still learning B. had been learning C. was still learning D. has been learning 4. By the end of last week, he ________ in the company for 10 years.
A. had worked B. had been working C. will have worked D. would have worked
5. Not until then did people know that he ________ important military information to the enemy for a long time. A. sold B. would sell C. had sold D. had been selling 十一．将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词 1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作： ?. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
〖比较：〗?. Tom won't cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图） ?. Tom won't be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）
2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌 。 ?. Will you be having supper with us this evening? 3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。 ?. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning. ?. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour. 十二．过去将来进行时：should / would be + 现在分词 表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
?. He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day. 测试精编：
1. Tomorrow, I ________ the book all morning.
A. am reading B. will be reading C. will read D. have read
2. -\ A. I see B. I'll have seen C. I'll be seeing D. I can see
3. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people ________ long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century? A. will they live B. they will be living C. will live D. living
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4. He told us that he ________ visiting Japan by this time next year. A. will be B. would be C. was D. is 5. It ________ when you wake up tomorrow morning.
A. is snowing B. will snow C. will be snowing D. snows 十三．将来完成时：shall / will have + 过去分词 表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
?. They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
?. By the end of next term, the students will have finished the book. 十四．过去将来完成时：would / should have + 过去分词 表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。 He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock. 十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been + 现在分词 表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。 ?. We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives. ?. It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow. ［注：此句型过于复杂，人们很少运用，了解而已。］
单项自测题（综合训练）
1. Simple photographic lenses can't ________ sharp, undistorted images over a wide field. A. to form B. are formed C. forming D. form
2. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one ________ the most. A. it influences farmers B. that influences farmers C. farmers that it influences D. why farmers influence it
3. By tracking the eye of a hurricane, forecasters can determine the speed at which ________. A. is a storm moving B. a storm is moving C. is moving a storm D. a moving storm
4. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, ________ out of emergency headquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
A. operates B. is operating C. has operated D. operating 5. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been ________. A. the least studied B. study the least C. study less and less D. to study the less 6. During an eclipse of the sun, ________ in the shadow of the Moon. A. the Earth lies B. the Earth when lying C. that the Earth lies D. the lying Earth
7. The photo periodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, ________. A. the light is not on B. and not on light C. but is not on the light D. is not on light
8. The wallflower ________ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along strong cliffs for support. A. so called is B. so is called C. is so called D. called is so
9. Because of its importance in modern living, ________ in all parts of the world. A. algebra is studied in schools and colleges B. studying algebra in schools and colleges C. and the study of algebra in schools and colleges D. in schools and colleges are algebra studies
10. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension ________. A. elements from group living B. elements of a normal group life
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C. living are a group of elements D. are normal elements of group life
第二章 名 词 （Nouns）
（一）名词变复数： ；3．黄金重点：
I．有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。
II．以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加“s”。（不认识的单词，请你查词典，懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。） piano，photo，zero，radio，bamboo，tobacco，solo，cuckoo，dynamo，cameo，soprano 如果以O结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。
hero，tomato，potato，Negro（黑人）[简记：黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。] 4．以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加“es” family → families city → cities 5．y前面是元音字母只加“s”
6．以f、fe结尾的名词，变 f / fe为 v加 es。
I．下列名词直接加“s”。（请大声朗读三遍，然后背下。注意读音！）
roof（房顶），reef（暗礁），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮）， belief（信仰），gulf（港湾），dwarf（侏儒），safe（保险箱），sheriff（长官），tariff（关税）
II．scarf（头巾），wharf（码头），staff（全体职员），handkerchief（手帕）和 hoof（蹄）既可直接加“s”，又可变 f为 v加 es. （二）不规则名词复数形式：
1. foot→feet mouse→mice goose→geese child→children ox→oxen louse→lice woman→women man→men 2．单复数同形：
sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works, barracks（兵营）bellows（风箱） kennels（狗窝） 3．一些英语外来词的复数形式：
crisis→crises 危机 analysis→analyses 分析 oasis→oases 绿洲 parenthesis→parentheses 括号 axis→axes 轴心 ellipsis→ellipses 日蚀 hypothesis→hypotheses 假定 synopsis→synopses 内容提要 erratum→errata 勘误误表 addendum→addenda 补遗、附录 medium→media 媒体 （以上单词熟悉即可） （三）．复合名词复数形式：
1．中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数： bookshelf→bookshelves handful→handfuls
2．man和 woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。 man servant→men servants woman teacher→women teachers
3．中间有连字符的合成次，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变复数：
sister-in-law→sisters-in-law looker-on→lookers-on editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief 4．下列合成名词在后一个词上变化：
sit-in→sit-ins, grown-up→grown-ups stand-by→stand-bys touch-me-not→touch-me-nots go-between→go-betweens （四）．名词所有格
1．在大多数名词末加“'s” the boy's toy, men's work
2．以 s结尾的复数名词直接加“'” the students' reading room
3．以 s结尾的单数名词加“'” Dickens' novels the actress' performance 4．合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”
her brother-in-law's piano. Somebody else's books. （重要！）
【金牌重点】：除用于有生命的人外，“'s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中： an hour's drive, a mile's journey ten pounds' weight. Beijing's weather
the earth's surface a stone's throw 投石之距离 at one's wits end 智穷计尽 to one's heart's content 尽情地 by a hair's breadth 千钧一发 at a snail's pace 缓慢地 5．双重所有格：
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。
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a friend of mine （名词性物主代词） a child of hers the love poems of your sister's 注意区别：
● a portrait of her mother 她母亲的画像（画中人）
● a portrait of her mother's 她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像） 测试精编：
1. Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store B. shoe's store C. shoe store D. shoes' store
2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a ________ bill. A. ten-dollar B. ten-dollars C. tens-dollar D. ten-dollar's 3. Recently, he has lost all his ________ at cards.
A. wage and saving B. wages and saving C. wage and savings D. wages and savings 4. I want ________ .
A. a dollar worth candy B. candy a dollar's worth C. a dollar's worth of candy D. a dollar worth's candy 5.The surroundings a child grows up in usually ________ an effect on his development. A. have B. had C. do D. has
第三章 形容词、副词比较级和最高级 Comparative degree & Superlative degree:
比较级构成方式： A．adj / adv + er / est B．词尾e + r / st
C．重读闭音节中短元音 + 辅音词尾→双写辅音词尾 + er / est. D．辅音 + y→i + er / est E．多音节形容词及副词： F．不规则变化：
good / well→better→best bad / ill→worse→worst many / much→more→most little→less→least
late→later→latest far→farther→farthest far→further→furthest 【用法示例】
比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句： （1） ?. The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing. ?. The book is much more interesting than that one. 笔记要点：两个相比较的主语必须相对应。 （2） ?. It is getting colder and colder. ?. She is becoming more and more beautiful . 笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由 and连在一起，表示“越来越??” （3） ?. The older we grow, the poorer our memory will be. ?. The earlier we start, the sooner we'll get there. 笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越??越??” （4） ?. I prefer the cheaper one of the two books. ?. Of the two brothers, he is the cleverer.
笔记要点：二者之比较。而Of the three girls, she is the cleverest. 最高级构成方式： 三者或三者以上进行比较，“the + 形容词 / 副词est”。 (1) John is the tallest of the three.
He runs fastest in our class.（副词的最高级the可省略） This is the most difficult book I've read.
(2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.（有than时只用比较级） She is younger than all the other students.
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测试精编
1. She is ________ than ________ .
A. busier / us B. busier / we C. more busy / us D. more busy / we 2. Jane is ________ than Betty.
A. less taller B. less tallest C. less tall D. not as tall 3. John's record was not so good as ________ in his team. A. all the players B.any player's C. other players D. any other player's 4. China is ________ country in the world.
A. the third largest B. the largest third C. the third large D. a third largest 5. Shanghai has a larger population than ________ in china.
A. any city B. all the cities C. any other city D. all other cities 用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：
1. The window is ________ (narrow) of the two. 2. Where is the ________ (near) bus-stop? 3. He is one of ________ (famous) Politicians. 4. Do you have any ________ (far) questions to ask? 5. Tom drives much ________ (careful) than John.
第四章 被动语态 (Passive Voice)
1．何时运用被动语态：
（1）强调动作的接受者：America was discovered by Columbus. （2）不知谁是动作的执行者：You are wanted on the phone.
（3）作客观说明：It is said that the meeting has been put off.（经典句型） 2．主动变被动的基本方法：（说起来容易，掌握起来需要用心！） （1）主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）谓语动词变为由“be + 过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。 （3）主动语态主语置于介词 by之后，如无必需，则省略。 （4）不及物动词没有被动语态。 现 在 do (does) →am / is / are + done
We keep the piano in the living-room. →The piano is kept in the living-room. 过 去 did→was / were + done
They built the bridge in 1980. →The bridge was built in 1980. 将 来 shall shall will do → will + be + done
He will read the book tomorrow. →The book will be read tomorrow. 现在完成 have have has done → has + been + done
We have delivered the newspaper. →The newspapers have been delivered (by us). 过去完成 had done → had been done
She had seen the film before she came here. →The film had been seen before she came here. 将来完成 shall shall will have done → will have + been + done By the end of this term we shall have finished 80 texts. →By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished. 现在进行 am am is doing → is + being + done are are
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