(You didn't come here earlier.) 3. 与将来事实相反的虚拟：
(1) If + should + v., ... would + v. （可能性很小）（译作“万一”） If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home. If I should fail, what should Ido?
(2) If + did / were to + v ..., would + v.（完全不可能） If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money. If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car. 4. 金牌特殊重点：！！ ［简单联想记忆］：
● 下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should + 动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略（TOEFL语法考点）。此类常见的动词有：order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest（建议）insist（坚决要求），advise, etc. 例句：He suggested that we (should) help them with English.
The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
● 下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should + 动词原形”（should可省去）的虚拟。 suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal. He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party. I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon.
● It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主语+ should + v. It is strange that you should say such a thing.
It was important that you should tell me all the information.
● wish后的宾语从句中，as if 后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：
主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were（指现在） had done（指过去） would+ v.（指将来）
I wish that I met my uncle now. I wish I had met my uncle yesterday. I wish I could meet my uncle tomorrow. ● It is (high) time that ... + did / were ... It is time that you went to bed. ● would rather that ... + did / were ... I would rather that you were not here now.
● would sooner that ... + did / were ... I would sooner that you got up earlier. I would sooner that you were not my brother. 测试精编 I. 选择正确选项：
1. I ________ he had taught me the word, but he didn't. A. believe B. hope C. wish D. think
2. The man in charge recommends that this matter ________ at the meeting.
A. would be discussed B. will be discussed C. be discussed D. may be discussed 3. It is raining now, otherwise we ________ go out play. A. could B. can C. may D. will 4. ________ he come late, give him the message.
A. Had B. Should C. Would D. Did 5. Hadn't my car broke down, I ________ the train.
A. would have caught B. might catch C. could catch D. would catch 6. I would have helped him if I had time, but I ________.
A. haven't B. had C. didn't D. wouldn't
7. The dam was built in time to protect the inhabitants from the flood; ________. A. otherwise the damage would be beyond measure. B. the damage, otherwise, should be very great. C. the damage could have been very serious otherwise. D. the damage caused, therefore, many of them homeless. 8. It is natural that an employee ________ his work on time.
A. finishes B. finish C. can finish D. finishs
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9. I would go abroad but that I ________ poor.
A. am B. was C. shall be D. were 10. Don't act as if you ________ the only pebble on the beach. A. are B. were C. have been D. would be
第三章 代替与省略
SUBSTITUTIONAND OMISSION
英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so, not, to, do, does 代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。
如：He translated the article better than I did. (did代替wrote it) — Doyou think she isclever? — I think so. (so代替 she is clever)
(1) 从上两例中看出，do / does / did 代替动词。
(2) \与 not\代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc后作宾语。 E.g. — Is it correct? — I'm afraid not. (not correct)
(3) \用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc. E.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party) (4) \用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。
Eg. — He gave up studying English. — Why did he do so? (= give up studying English) — The dish tastes nice. — Yes, so it does. (tastes nice) (此句不能用it does it 或 it does so, 因taste属静态动词。） (5) 为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。
E.g. — He is thinking of buying a car? — Is he?（这里，“thinking of buying a car”被省略了。） — Will he come back in time? — Perhaps.（省略了he will come back in time.） 测试精编 I．选择正确答案：
1. — Shall I wake you up tomorrow? — Yes, ________ .
A. please do B. you shall C. you will D. you may 2. I think records are often ________ an actual performance. A. as good as or better than B. as good or better than C. like good or better than D. as good as any other
3. — If he doesn't come to work, he may be fired. — Surely he isn't so foolish ________ not to realize that. A. so B. and C. but D. as
4. — Don't you think Alan's health has beenruined by smoking? — Yes, he told me ________ himself. A. the fact B. this thing C. It D. so
5. — Will you go home tomorrowevening? — No, I'm going to a lecture, or at least, I'm planning ________ . A. on B. to C. so D. It
6. — I slipped on the stairs, I think my arm is broken. — Oh! I ________ .
A. do not hope so B. do not hope C. hope not so D. hope not 7. California relies mainly on income from fruit crops, and ________ .
A. Florida also B. Florida too C. Florida is as well D. so does Florida 8. — Have you been here long? — ________ .
A. No, not very B. Not much C. Yes, only little D. No, only yesterday 9. — You look happy today, Mary. — I like my new dress and mother ________, too. A. does B. likes C. is D. do
10. — So you are lost, little boy. Why didn't you hang on to your mother's skirt? — ________, but I couldn't reach it.
A. I hanged to B. I did to C. I didn't hang to D. I tried to
第四章 倒 装 INVERSION
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根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。 1．副词如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒装。（完全倒装，但主语不能是代词）
Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor. In came Miss Green.（特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。） Away she went!（她走了！） Here you are!（你在这儿！） 2．only + 副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。
Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything. 3．well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒装。
So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun. Well did I know him and well did he know me.
4．否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有： neither，nor，hardly，scarcely， rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。 e.g. — Jack could not swim. — Neither could Tom. Never have I seen such a good movie.
5．as引导让步状语从句，须倒装。（准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。） Rich as he is, he spends a cent on charity.
Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully. 6．在表示祝愿的句子中。
May you make greater progress! （愿你取得更大进步！）
7．在虚拟条件句中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were, had, should等词提到句首。 Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study. 我要是你，就出国进修了。
Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem. 他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。 8．百分特例重点：
Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want. （NCE Book III Lesson 26）
尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了. 测试精编 I．选择正确选项：
1. Not until the mid-nineteenth-century discovery of vast deposits of borate's in the Majave Desert ________ relatively common. A. borax became B. did borax become C. and borax become D. borax's becoming 2. ________ received law degrees as today.
A. Never so many women have B. Never have so many women C. The women aren't ever D. Women who have never
3. ________ the Bob's belongings that he carried them in a bundle slung over his shoulders. A. Were so few B. Few were so C. So few were D. They were so few 4. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother ________ to swim.
A. how will it learn B. will it learn how C. it will learn how D. and it learns how 5. Not only ________ a promise, but he also kept it.
A. did he made B. he made C. did he make D. he makes 6. Nowhere in the world ________ .
A. travelers can buy so much beauty for so little as in Hawaii. B. no one can buy so much beauty for so little money as Hawaii. C. so much beauty can be bought for so little money in Hawaii. D. can travelers buy so much beauty for so little money as in Hawaii. 7. No sooner ________ gone home than it began to rain heavily. A. had I B. have I C. I had D. I have 8. Not for a moment ________ the truth of your story.
A. he has doubted B. he doubts C. did he doubt D. he did doubt
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9. ________ succeed in doing anything.
A. Only by working hard we can B. By only working hard we can C. Only by working hard can we D. Only we can work hard 10. Never before in similar circumstances ________ . A. a British Prime Minister had refused to step down. B. did a British Prime Minister have refused to step down. C. a British Prime Minister did have refused to step down. D. had a British Prime Minister refused to step down.
11. People might avoid many accidents ________ these methods been adopted before. A. that B. were C. have D. had
12. ________arose the problem that the boy will never overcome the great difficulties. A. It B. This C. Here D. Those
第五章 形容词 ADJECTIVES
定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。 功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。
分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。 ● 描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。 ● 限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。 1．当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用： a lovely girl, the naughty boy
2．形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay, etc.
The dish tastes delicious. The music sounds sweet. The milk went bad.
小心陷阱 feel，smell，taste，look，keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。 He looked me up and down carefully. I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.
3．形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面） a river navigable（一条可通航的河） sight visible可见的景象
person responsible（负责人）注意：responsible person（有责任心的人）
the best way possible（尽可能好的办法） the number necessary（必要的数量） the people present（在场的人） 4．只能作表语的形容词
1．某些表示健康状况的形容词。
well（身体好的），ill（病的），faint（虚弱的），poorly（身体不好的）
示例：His mother has been ill for a long time. 特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。 He is sick for a couple of days.（他病两三天了） He is a sick person.（他是个病人。） 2．某些以 a-开头的形容词。
如：afraid（害怕的），alone（独自的），alive（活着的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒 着的），aware（意识到的） The old man is alone in the house.（老人一个人在家。） The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。） He is asleep in his mother's arms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。）I have been aware of the difficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。）
5．当一系列形容词修饰名词时，须注意排列顺序：代明形容词 + 数量形容词 + 性状 形容词 + 名词。（下图看起来费劲，看透了绝对实用）
代明形容词 1 用于冠 词前的 形容词 2 冠词 指示代词 物主代词 不定代词 All
the first one good big 24
old blue English wood 序数 数量形容词 3 基数 4 5 性质 状态 6 大小 长短 形状 7 新旧 温度 性状形容词 8 颜色 9 国籍 10 材料 动名词 名词 11 名词 Box
A(n) this that your Some Both Such second ... two ... bad ... small round ... new cold yellow ... Indian ... stone Iron Cage Eg. a broken small old gray stone bridge. such a good yellow pen. 测试精编 I．选择正确选项：
1. The Chinese food served in American restaurant is not bad but I prefer ________. A. Chinese food authentically B. Chinese authentic food C. food Chinese authentically D. authentic Chinese food 2. ________ lessons were not difficult.
A. Our first few short English B. Our few first short English C. Our few first English short D. Few our first English short 3. — Do you think that the Labor bill will be passed? — Oh, yes, it's ________ that it will. A. almost surely B. very likely C. near positive D. quite certainly 4. — Have you traveled much? — No, I have done ________ traveling. A. few B. little C. small D. less
5. — I was very busy. — Did you really work hard ________?
A. all day B. all the day C. all the day long D. all of day long 6. — Do you need anything from the store? — ________ and some cheddar cheese.
A. Only a French bread loaf B. A French bread loaf only C. Only a loaf of French bread D. A loaf of French bread only 7. According to the information, the newly-constructed highway is said to be ________. A. lengthy twenty miles B. length about twenty miles C. about twenty miles long D. in twenty miles of length 8. Mr. Smith has done ________ business here.
A. a lot of B. a number of C. much D. lots
9. — Are you helping to organize the political convention? — I'm in charge of welcoming the ________. A. out-of-town visitors B. visitors from outside of town C. visitors out-of-town D. outside town visitors
10. — Does Jane have brown hair? — Yes, In fact, it's quitesimilar in shape ________ yours. A. as B. with C. like D. to
第六章 副 词 ADVERBS
定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副词或整个句子。 功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。 分类：
● 时间及频度副词：before，frequently，always，usually 等 ● 地点副词：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等 ● 方式副词：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等
● 程度副词：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only 等 ● 疑问副词：how，why，when，where 等
例：He walked out of the room slowly. She looks very beautiful.
We study English very carefully. Even a child can do it better. Perhaps she will telephone you tomorrow.
金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：
1. enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。 He is old enough to go to school. I have enough money to buy this type of bicycle. 2. too：位于形容词或副词前。 She is too eager to see me.
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