3. very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。 He is very handsome and many girls like to speak with him. 4. much：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。
The subject has beentalked too much. Her dress is much more beautiful than mine. 5. still:“依旧，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。
He still remembers the days they spent together. I still can not catch his words. 6. yet: 位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还”。 Have you emptied the dustbin yet? I haven't done that yet. 7. only: 根据句意灵活运用。（请翻译下面三个句子！）
Only he can tell you how to do it. He can only tell you how to do it. He can tell you how to do it only today. 8. hardly, scarcely, seldom, never本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。 Hardly had we left the station when it began to rain. 你知道吗？ 几个易混淆的副词：
1. easy: stand easy (= comfortably) easily: It can't be solved easily.
2. clear: The bullet went clear through the window (= directly) clearly: Clearly, he doesn't know anything about it. (= obviously) 3. high: He can jump very high.（高地） highly: We think highly of the good teacher.（高度地） 4. just: We have just know the news.（刚刚） justly: He was justly punished.（公正地） 5. hard: You must think hard.（努力地） hardly: He hardly knows about it.（几乎不） 6. pretty: He is not pretty sure about it.（非常） prettily: The girl is prettily dressed.（漂亮地） 7. near: He lives near the school.（附近） nearly: I nearly missed the bus.（几乎） 8. late: Don't come late next time.（迟到） lately: I haven't read novels lately.（最近） 9. formally: You should be dressed formally at the meeting.（正式地） formerly: Formerly, he was the manager of the company.（以前） 10. free（免费地） freely（自由地） 11. most（最）mostly（大部分） 12. sharp（准时地） sharply（严厉地） 测试精编 I．选择正确选项：
1. Automobile production of the present time has been increased ________. A. greatly B. highly C. on a large scale D. infinitely 2. — Was the class long enough? — No, ________ enough.
A. it wasn't much too long B. it wasn't too much long C. it wasn't quite long D. it wasn't too long much 3. After the funeral, the residents of the apartment building ________. A. sent faithfully flowers all weeks to the cemetery B. sent to the cemetery each week flowers faithfully C. sent flowers faithfully to the cemetery each week D. sent eachweek faithfully to the cemetery flowers
4. Air travel has provided people with the opportunity to travel ________. A. a large amount of miles B. much distance C. extensively D. wide rangingly
5. — Paul still hasn't returned from the meeting. — Really? I'm sure he expected to be back ________. A. before long now B. long before now C. now before long D. now long before
6. — Has your father arrived in Bombay yet？ — He probably arrived there sometime ________ . A. a week past B. thelast week C. this past week D. theweekbefore now 7. — Whydoesn't Jessica stay withrelatives inNewYork？ — She________ inBoston. A. has onlyrelatives B. only has relatives C. has relatives only D. relative has only
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8. The nectarineis a fruit ________ likea peach. A. as B. and C. too D. somewhat
9. 一 Isawyouat theracetrack last week. 一 Igoquite often, but I onlybet ________ . A. scarcely B. hardly C. barely D. occasionally 10. Let's stayat home, Ithinkit's ________ for walking.
A. muchtoo hot B. very much hot C. too much heat D. very much heat
第七章 冠 词 ARTICLES
不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。 如：a person, a day; an hour, anold man... I．定冠词用法如下：
（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？！） 1．用于双方都知道的名词前：Please cleanthe classroom． 2．用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物： The horseis a useful animal.（马是有用的动物）
This is a very hardjob for theteacher.（对于老师这是一项很难的工作。） 3．用于世界上独一无二的东西前：the sun, the spring. 4．用于方位名词前：People in the west like coffee very much. 5．用于乐器名词前：play the violin.
6．用于计量单位前：Gasoline is soldby the gallon.
7．形容词最高级和序数词前：This is the easiest way to work out the problem. He came to see me for first time.
8．用于江河湖海山脉名称前：the Pacific，the Thames，the Rocky Mountains 9．杂志、报刊名称前：the Times，the Overseas Digest
10．用于建筑物、和组织前：the White House, theMinistry of Education 11．用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人”the Smiths，the Greens 12．用于形容词前，表一类人 / 物：the rich, theblind
13．用于 English，Chinese，French等名词前，表“全体国民”the English，the Chinese II．以下情况不用冠词：
1．三餐前 breakfast，lunch，supper， ... Have you had lunch？ 2．体育运动项目前 playchess，... I have nointerest intennis. 3．在由 by引出的交通工具前by air（乘飞机），by car
4．在称呼或职位前 He has been elected president of the committee.
5．习惯用语前 at school，day by day，at table（在吃饭），go to church（做礼拜）... 测试精编 I．单项选择：
1. The cat is ________ beautiful animal, but its intelligence leaves much tobe desired. A. a B. an C. the D. / 2. ________ universityofChicago has anexcellent lawschool. A. A B. An C. The D. / 3. — Tina looks especiallyprettytonight.
— Yes, shealways looks her best in ________ ofthat color. A. dress B. a dress C. that dress D. the dress 4. — Didhe flyacross theEnglishChannel？ — No, hecrossedit by________.
A. a ship B. theship C. ships D. ship 5. If you want to gotothe post office from here, take________. A. Broadwaybus B. theBroadwaybus
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C. some Broadwaybus D. a Broadway's bus
6. 一 Howdid you paythe workers？ 一 As a rule, they were paid ________. A. byan hour B. bythehour C. bya hour D. byhours 7. ________ moretobe pitiedthanblamed.
A. Uneducatedare B. Uneducatedis C.The uneducatedare D.The neducatedis 8.Astronomy is ________ of stars and planets.
A. a science B. science C. the science D. scientific 9. － After that, what happenedtohim？
— The chancetoenter ________ cameand he tookit.
A. tocollege B. thecollege C. for college D.college 10.Westernart ofthe19thcenturyshows the influence of________ Far East. A. a B. an C. the D. /
第八章 介 词 Prepositions
I．分类：
1．常用简单介词：
about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until 等。 2．合成介词：
inside，outside，onto，out of，within等。 3．短语介词：
according to，ahead of，along with，as for，because of，be means of，due to，in spite of，on behalf of，owing to，with regard to等。 II．介词与“??的”之关系：
在英语学习中，一遇到“??的”，大家就会立刻想到’s 所有格或者of，实际上，在很多情况下，“??的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。
以下请学员重复记忆：
● 美国的冬天 → the winter in America ● 停车场的入口 → the entrance to the parking lot ● 穿过森林的小路 → the path through the forest ● 鲁迅的著作 → the works by Lu Xun ● 水中的月亮 → the moon reflected in water ● 历史的见证 → the witness to history ● 对爱的渴望 → a longing for love ● 对我们不利的证据 → the evidence against us ● 阳光下的漫步 → a walk in the sunlight ● 追求名誉的女人 → a lady after fame ● 两人之间的争论 → an argument between the two persons 重要介词的重要用法：
（1）from：此介词表示“to”相反的方向。 He came from London. He went to London. 二词常搭配使用“from ... to...”
We studied English from morningtoafternoon He'll start fromBeijingto Shanghai.
经典用法：
● 由于 → The girl is trembling from fear.
● 免除 → Tramps are always free from care. 流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。 ● 分开 → The couple parted from each other at the airport.
● 由??制成 → The red wine is made from grapes. 红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的 由 from引导的惯用法：
from far 从远处 from now / then on从现在 / 那时起 from bad to worse 每况愈下from time to time（occasionally 时而）
习语： She comes to visit me from time to time
（2）out of ：表示与“into”相反的语意
He will be out of town. I stepped out of the dark room.
out of+ 名词 (= lack, to be without 用完，用光） He went to the shop because he was out of paper.
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out of date (= old-fashioned 过时的） The book has been out of date. out of work (= jobless 失业的) He needs money because be is out of work.
out of the question (= impossible 不可能的) Finishing the hard work is out of the question. out of question (= doubtless 毫无疑问的） That hecan doit well is out of question. out of order（= not functioning 失灵的） Her radio is out of order, so she can't listen to it. （3）by: 表示从旁经过或在??附近。
经典用法：
● 通过→This is the nearest road by which they came.
● 在??时候→The young man works by day and steals money by night. ● 由??所生→He has two sons by her second wife. ● 抓住→She caught her child by his coat in the flood. ● 按??计算→The farmers sell their apples by the pound.
● 就（气质，特征）而言→He is an artist by temperament（气质）。 He passed by me without saying hello. He lives by the sea. 用于被动语意，导出动作执行者 The glass was broken by the boy. by + 具体时间： They usually have dinner by 8 o'clock.
by + 交通工具 (bus, train, plan...) He travelled to Paris by air / plane.
by the end of + 时间名词：到??末为止。 By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts. By the end of this term, they will have learnt 100 texts.
by then: 到那时He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing.
by way of (= via) 经由，取道 They are going to the United States by way of Hong Kong. by the way 顺便问By the way, do you know where Mr. Li has gone?
by far: ??得多（用于修饰比较级和最高级） The book is by far the best on the subject
by accident ［不小心，与on purpose（故意地）语意相反］ The wrong information was put into the computer by accident. （4）in: 在??内部，与 \语意相反。 All the students are in the classroom. In + month / year: 在某月 / 年 In January, in 2000 In time 及时 They arrived at the station in time.
In the street 在街上 In the past 在过去 In the future 在未来 In the beginning 开始，起初 In the end 最后，终于 In the way 挡住去路 He couldn't drive his car away because a big stone was in the way. once in a while 时而 Once in a while, he went to the Museum.
in no time at all 立刻，迅速 He finished his homework in no time at all. in the meantime 同时 He was having supper, and in the meantime he watched TV. in a row 坐在某一排上 We sat in the 20th row of the cinema.
in the event that 如果 In the event that you pass the exam, I'll telephone you. in case 万一，如果 Bring you raincoat in case it rains.
get in touch with 与??取得联系 keep in touch with 与??保持联系 （5）on: 位于某物体表面上。The dishes are on the round table. on a day / date 在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上
on Wednesday, on February 9th , 1999 on Friday afternoon, on a dark night. on a / the + (bus, plane, ship, train, bike) He went to school on a bus.
on a ... street 在某条街道 Mrs. Smith lives on 5th 'Avenue. on the floor of a building. 位于某层楼 on time 准时（比 in time 具体）
on the corner (of two streets) 在两条街道相交的一角 That shoe store is on the corner of 2 nd Street and 5th Avenue.
on the sidewalk 在人行道上 on the way 在途中 on the right / left 在右侧 / 左侧 on the television / the radio 在电视 / 收音机里 The manager will make a speech onthe TV.
on the telephone 打电话 You are wanted on the phone. 有您的电话
on the whole 总的来说，总体上 on the one hand, or the other hand 一方面，另一方面 on sale 出售 The books are on sale for $7 each. on foot 步行
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（6）at: 此介词通常用来指某一特定时间和地点。
at + 地点 Mr. Smith lives at 15, 16th Avenue. 注：在某条街道On... street，而在某街某号应用at at + 特定时间 At 7:00 in the morning, he goes towork. at home / school / work 在家 上学 上班 at night 在晚上 at best 充其量 at times 有时 at peace 和平状态 at least 至少
（7）其它介词短语：
in place of / instead of 代替 for the most part — mainly 主要地 in hopes of 希望?? off and on 时断时续 all of a sudden 突然 for good 永远 （8）动词短语 + 介词构成的习语
break off 结束 The two countries broke off their diplomatic relationship.
bring up 抚养，提出 call on sb. 要求，拜访，呼吁 He called on the workers to struggle. care for 关心，照顾，喜爱 She only cares for new clothes. I have to care for my son after school check on 调查 come along with sb. 伴随，和某人在一起 come down with 因??而生病 Last summer, many people came down with intestinal disorders.
count on 依靠、指望 do away with 摆脱 draw up 起草 drop out of (school ... ) 退（学） figure out 弄明白，弄清楚 find out 发现，查明（事实）
get by: 设法生存 Despite the high cost of living, we will get by on our salary.
get through 完成，接通（电话） It's not easy to get through the work in a day. How can I get through to you? get up 起床，组织 A party will be got up in my house.
go along with 同意 hold on to 抓住，坚持 In spite of being a millionaire, he holds on to his usual living ways. hold up 抢劫，忍受，停止 The bank was held up last night. He held up very well after the death of his wife. The work had been held up.
pass out 昏迷 run across 遇见，见到 I ran across some old friends yesterday. run into 偶然碰见 When Tom was in London, he ran into his good friend at the theatre. see about 考虑 The young man is seeing about getting a ticket for the football game. take over for 替代 I took over for Janet because she was ill.
talk over 讨论 try out 试验，试行 They are trying out a new idea to help the poor students. Turn in 上交，睡觉 After a tiring day, he turned in early. watch out for 警觉 Please watch out for thieves.
weigh on sb. 压迫，使??焦虑 Some problems are weighing on me, so I can't sleep well. 测试精编 （1）单选：
1. — Where is your hometown? — It is about 20 miles ________ the east of Chicago. A. in B. on C. to D. by 2. When I met Jenny, I took a liking ________ her at once. A. of B. for C. on D. in 3. I am ________ your temper.
A. fed up by B. fed up with C. fed up because of D. fed up to 4. — Do you like working as a waiter? — Yes, but I get tired ________ the whole day. A. with standing B. from standing C. to stand D. of the standing 5. The accident clearly resulted ________ your carelessness. A. in B. on C. for D. from
6. — Why do you ask if I've been smoking? — Because you smell ________ cigarettes.
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at worst 最差 at intervals 间或，时而 at random 随意，胡乱地 at most 至多 at present 目前，现在
at war 交战
at leisure 悠闲自得地 at a loss 不知所措 at large 逍遥法外