A. of B. by C. with D. as
7. The colleges vary so greatly that the problem was finally answered only ________. A. with respect to a specific college B. getting to specific college C. with a view to specific college D. with a regard to a specific college
8. — Have you some other reasons ________ the ones you just mentioned above? — Yes, I do. A. in addition B. besides C. off D. beside 9. — Do you ever dance like that in public?
— Certainly not! That would be ________ my dignity.
A. beneath B. under C. beyond D. above 10. —What do you have to do tomorrow? — I'll have to ________ in a conference.
A. join B. taking part C. attend D. participate 11. Modern technological advances are being made, but ________.
A. with highly considerable expense B. at a great expense C. with great expense involved D. by a lot of expense 12. — Why didn't you go to the lecture yesterday evening? — ________, I changed my mind.
A. On a second thought B. By the second thought C. On second thoughts D. By secondthoughts
13. ________ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world. A. On B. By C. To D. At 14. — Wasn't the issue settled?
— No, the two sides are still ________ conflict.
A. in B. during C. on D. with
15. — How do you like these articles? — They are not much ________ demand now. A. on B. in C. at D. for
第九章 反意疑问句 Tag Question
1．一般用法：
He is a student, isn't he? He isn't a student, is he? (1) “have to, had better, used to”要用下列方式反问： He has to finish the work, doesn't he? They used to smoke, didn't / usedn't they? You'd better get up immediately, hadn't you?
(2) “has, have”作为助动词和实意动词，反问形式不同。 We have done all the work, haven't we? You have some time, don't you? 金牌要点如下
2． “seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, few, little” 语意本身是否定，因此反意问句应为肯定形式。 She seldom comes to visit us, does she? He hardly knew it, did he?
3．当主句为祈使句，反意问句提出要求，命令应用 “will you” Do it at once, will you? 但如表示邀请，劝告，反意问句用 “won't you” Have a cup of tea, won't you? 4．否定祈使句应用 “will you” 来反问。 Don't open the window, will you? 5． “Let's” 短语
● 当其为肯定形式，“shall we” 提出反问 Let's play basketball, shall we? ● 当其为否定形式，“all right, ok” 提出反问 Let's not go to the party, all right? ● 如为 “let us ...” 其反问形式应为 “will you” 提出请求 Let us go home, will you?
6．当 “think, suppose, consider, believe” etc 被用作为主句谓语动词，其后带有宾语从句时，反意疑问问句应与从句保持一致。
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Idon't think that he is an honest man, is he? Exercises: 单选：
1. — Your uncle told me that he overslept this morning. — Oh, my uncle rarely used to oversleep, ________? A. wasn't he B. was he C. didn't he D. did he 2. — Remove this, ________? — Right away.
A. will you B. shall you C. don't you D. do you 3. You ought to wait for her, ________?
A. don't you B. oughtn't you C. shouldn't you D. won't you 4. You have Tom move the stone, ________?
A. do you B. don't you C. haven't you D. have you 5. Let's go dancing, ________?
A. will we B. shall we C. don't we D. are we 6. Have dinner here, ________?
A. will you B. would you C. won't you D. haven't you 7. There is someone at the door, ________?
A. isn't there B. is there C. isn't he D. is it 8. The price of crude oil used to be a great deal lower than now, ________? A. does there B. wasn't it C. don't it D. didn't it 9. This is the third time this week he's had to study late, ________? A. isn't it B. isn't he C. hasn't it D. hasn't he 10. — Don't bother to drive me back!
— But then you'd have to walk home alone, ________?
A. hadn't you B. do you C. would you D. wouldn't you
第十章 独立主格结构 Absolute Structure
此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句，又称之为独立分词构句。当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语意不通。（定义有点费解，多看几遍） 示例：
Being ill in bed, I can't go to school. Mother being ill in bed, I can't go to school.
（1） 独立主结构形式可用以表时间，理由，条件，伴随状态等
He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him. = He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him. Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow. = If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow. School being over, the boys went home. = When school was over, the boys went home. The sun having set, we arrived at the station. = After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.
王牌重点：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中： generally speaking 一般来说 strictly speaking 严格地说 talking of ... 谈到 speaking of ... 说到
judging from ... 由??来判断 taking all things into consideration 把一切都考虑在内 considering ... 考虑到?? [示例]：
If we judge from his face, he must be ill. = Judging from his face, he must be ill.
He has lots of books if we consider that he is young. = He has lots of books, considering that he is young.
（2）with 复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。这种结构在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。
1．with+ 名词 + 介词短语：
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand. 2．with + 名词 + adj.
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with the door open, he left the classroom. 3．with + 名词 + adv. With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful. 4．with + 名词 + 现在分词（主动） with + 名词 + 过去分词（被动）
Withthe guide leading us, we got to the village. The boy was crying with the vase broken. 5．with + 名词 + 不定式
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.
第十一章 平行结构 Parallel Structures
许多句子在描述一个人或一件物品时往往会出现一系列修饰语；动词的修饰语， 即副词往往也会几个同时使用，构成平行结构，平行结构要求语法结构须保持一致，如：
1．系列动词：after school, we sang, danced and played the piano in the classroom. 2．系列形容词： She is slim, tall, blond and beautiful.
3．系列副词：The students are listening to me carefully and eagerly.
平行结构不仅包括动词，形容词，副词，也包括分词，不定式，动名词，名词短语和句子等的平行用法，务必提高辨别力。
测试精编 I 单选：
1. The purpose of the research had a different meaning for them than ________. A. ours B. for ours it had C. with us D. it did for us
2. The decision to ration a commodity rests on a judgement of its relative scarcity, ________ and the feasibility of continuing it. A. it is important B. is it important C. its importance D. what is its importance
3. Scandinavian countries make household goods that are designed both to function well ________. A. and to be looking beautiful B. and to look beautiful C. and to be beautiful looking D. as well as to look beautifully
4. The chairman urged the members of the committee to set aside their differences ________. A. and began to work B. starting to begin to work C. and be settled for work D. and settle down to work
5. In his novels the author combines sound scholarship with ________. A. a witty style B.a style of wit C. a style full of wit D. a style which witty
6. During the examination we were supposed to stay in our seats, keep our eyes on our work, ________ to anyone. A. but could not talk B. rather than speak C. instead of speaking D. and not speak 7. Paris is renowned both as the political center of the nation and as ________. A. the cultural center also B. a center of cultural activity C. being a cultural center D. to be a center of cultural activity
8. The bonding power of any adhesive depends on the cohesion of the adhesive itself and ________ to the surface to which it is applied. A. how well does the adhesive adhere B. how well the adhesive adheres C. does the adhesive adheres D. the adhesive adheres
9. Molds can't produce their own food ________ their nourishment from living on dead organic matter or on other living matter. A. obtain B. obtained C. but obtain D. is obtained
10. I her writing, Eleanor Willie often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than ________. A. as others defined it B. other's definitions C. its definition by others D. it was defined by others
第十二章 容易混淆的动词 Some Confusing Verbs
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在学习英语动词时，一些初学者常碰到大量易混淆的同义词，下面就几组常用的动词加以比较。 1. rise，raise，arise，arouse
“rise” 是不及物动词，过去式为rose，过去分词为risen，其基本词义“上升，上涨”。 ● The sun rises in the east.
● A good idea rose in my mind. “raise” 是及物规则动词，“举起，提高”。 ● He raised his voice to make himself heard.
● The boy can raise the heavy stone. “arise”，是不及物动词，过去式为arose，过去分词arisen，其语义为“出现，发生” 。 ● His curiosity arose due to the question his mother asked.
“arouse”是及物动词，过去式和过去分词为aroused，其语义为“唤醒，引起” arouse somebody from sleep 把某人唤醒 arouse suspicion 引起怀疑 2. lay，lie，lie
“lay”及物动词，“放置，生蛋”，过去式与过去分词为 “laid” I've laid the book on the self. The hen lays an egg every day. “lie”不及物动词“位于，平躺”，过去式为“lay”过去分词 “lain”
He lay on the floor and slept soundly. Beijing lies in the north of China. “lie”及物动词“说谎”，它是规则动词。 He lied to his teacher. 3. sit，seat
“sit”不及物动词，过去式与过去分词均为 “sat”。 He sat in the classroom reading newspaper. “seat”及物动词，“使就坐”“容纳”。
He seats himself here. He is seated there. He seats the baby on his knees. The hall will seat 5000 people. 4. affect，effect
“affect” 及物动词，“对??有影响，感动，触及” The relations between then will be affected.
“effect” 及物动词， “导致，造成，带来（变化），产生” The changes in methods effected some improvement in his study. 5. hang (hanged, hanged) / (hung, hung)
当 hang过去式与过去分词为 “hanged”，其含义是“绞死”；而当hang的过去式与过去分词为“hung”时，其含义是“悬挂”。 The man was hanged for murder. He hung his coat on the hook. 6. borrow，lend “borrow”借入 “borrow sth. from ...” “lend”(lent, lent) 借出 “lend sb. sth” 或 “lend sth. To sb.” 7. take，bring，fetch
“take”(took, taken) 及物动词“拿走” “bring”(brought, brought) 及物动词“带走” “fetch”及物动词，“去取回来” 8. receive，accept
“receive” 客观上收到 “accept” 主观上愿意接受 I received his gift, but I wouldn't like to accept it. 9. fit, suit“适合”
“fit” 指“尺寸”的适合 “suit” 指“款式，花样等”的适合
The dress doesn't fit me. It is too long. Blue is the color that suits her well. 10. answer，reply “回答” “answer” — vt. “reply” — vi 须和 “to”连用
“you needn't know it.” He answered. So far, they haven't answered / replied to our questions. 11. spend, cost, take “花费”
“spend” (spent, spent) 花“时间，金钱”主语须是人。 He spend 5 hours writing the article.
“cost” (cost, cost) 花费“金钱，时间，劳力”可接双宾，主语须是“物” The book cost me $20 and 2 days. “take” 通常指花“时间”主语须是“某种事情”
It takes me 20 minuter to go to school. The work took me longer than I expected. 12. assure，ensure
“assure” 使放心 assure sb. of sth. assure sb. that... I can assure you of my honesty. “ensure” 保证 ensure sth.（其后不能接人称） ensure that ensure doing sth.
I can ensure his safety. He ensured that he finished the job in time. He ensured coming back later.
百分重点：如ensure 含义为“保护，使安全”，其结构为：
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ensure sb from / against sth. He ensured the boy from drowning. 13. beat, defeat, win — vt.
“beat” (beat, beaten) 战胜，打败比赛，辩论中的对手 He beat John at chess yesterday. “defeat”“击败”敌军，入侵者，整个球队 They defeated the enemy in that battle. “win” (won, won)“赢得比赛”win over sb.（赢了某人） The football team won the match. 14. damage，destroy，hurt，spoil，wound，injure.
以上六个词中，“hurt” 可作及物，不及物动词外，其余五个均为及物动词。
“damage” —— 损坏（害）（有修复的可能性） “destroy” —— 摧毁，打破（希望，计划）毁灭（无修复的可能性） “hurt” —— 伤害（感情或身体某一部位）痛疼 “spoil” —— 破坏，糟蹋（晚会，旅游，参观等）宠爱，惯怀（孩子） “wound” —— 使受伤（枪伤，刀伤） “injure” —— 使受伤
e.g. Don't spoil your son too much. The man has destroyed the girl's life all her hopes. Some houses were damaged in the earthquake. I don't mean to hurt you.
He was injured in the accident. It was dangerous because he was wounded seriously in the war. 测试精编 1. His newly-published novel is quite a success ________ a good income from the reading public. A. ensuring him B. assuring him C. assuring him of D. assuring him about 2. Before discussing the steps in detail, ________.
A. a general principle should be laid down. B. I should like to lie down a general principle C. I'd like to lay down a general principle D. a general principle lies. 3. The typewriter ________.
A. was laying on the table, where it had laid all week. B. was lying on the table, where it had laid all week. C. was laying on the table, where it had been laid all week. D. was lying on the table, where it had been laid all week. 4. Up till now, these problems have been ________ for centuries. A. laying dormant B. laying dormantly C. lying dormant D. lain dormantly
5. During the period of inflation, the value of money drops as ________. A. prices rise B. prices arise C. the price is rising D. prices are raised 6. When all the students ________, the professor began his lecture. A. seated B. sit C. were seated D. seat 7. My watch ________ five o'clock.
A. says B. tells C. speaks D. talks 8. “Oh, glad to see you, John.” “What ________ you to this city?” A. carries B. brings C. takes D. makes
9. “He has been working very hard recently.” “Because the burden of a big family has been ________ on his shoulder.” A. bear B. borne C. born D. bore 10. The visiting delegates were urged to ________.
A. talk at liberty B. state their open minds C. make individual expressions D. speak freely
第十三章 赘词与否定 Redundancy ＆ Negation
（1） 所谓赘词，即累赘，也是句中不该重复出现的部分，因此不能使用。 1. advance + forward × proceed + forward × progress + forward ×
这三个词汇本身具有“向前”的概念不能再与“forward”搭配
2. return + back × revert + back ×3. sufficient enough ×4. compete together × 5. reason ... because × （正确结构：reason ... that ...）
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