Grammar
1. 现在完成时 构成形式：
i. It is/ will be the first/ second/ etc. time that… have/ has done… ii. 表达意义：这（将）是……人第……事。 e.g. It is the first time that I‘ve heard Jazz.
It will be the second time (that) he has climbed that mountain.
注意：It was the first/ second/ etc. time that… 分句动词通常用过去完成时。 e.g. It was the first time she had been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it. 2. 过去进行时 i.
构成形式：
1) …was (were) doing…, while…was (were) doing… 2) 2) when…did…was (were) doing…
ii. 表达意义：过去进行时常用来表示两个动作在过去某一时间里同时进行或某一动作在过去某一时间点正在进行。
e.g. What were the Class Three students doing while the Class One students were having a Chinese lesson?
When I got up this morning, it was raining.
3. 过去完成时 i.
构成形式：…had done…
ii. 表达意义：过去完成时可用来表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即表示―完成‖；表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性，即表示―未完成‖，主要用于延续性动词。 e.g. Tom flew home, but his father had already died.
By six they had worked for 12 hours.
4. WH-疑问从句作宾语
i. 构成形式：WH-疑问从句中常使用的词有：who, which, where, how, whether, if等。 ii. 表达意义：WH-疑问从句作宾语使用陈述句语序。例如： Could you tell me where the post office is? Let‘s see how we can raise our efficiency. We must find out who did all this. He asked me who should be rewarded.
I don‘t know whether/if these figures are accurate. Please advice me which book I should read first 5. THAT-从句作宾语
i. 构成形式：在THAT-从句作宾语句型中常使用的动词有：boast, say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, agree, intend等。
ii. 表达意义：用一个表达完整意义的陈述句作宾语。例如： The letter says that they are leaving on the 14th. We don‘t intend that things should be arranged like that.
6.英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： E.g. Many people speak English．（主动语态） English is spoken by many people．（被动语态）
被动语态是由助动词be加动词过去分词构成，时态是通过助动词be变化的。 i． 一般现在时 be (am / is / are) + done ii． 一般过去时 be (was /were) + done E.g. This book was written by him. iii． 现在完成时 be (has / have been) + done
E.g. The Temple of Zhang Fei has been rebuilt. The door has been locked. iv． 一般将来时 be (will / shall be) + done E.g. The project will be discussed tomorrow 1） We listen to English radio programs every day. 2） They are planting trees in the surrounding mountains.
3） Chinese athletes won 32 gold medals in the Athens 2004 Olympics.
4） They were widening the road when I came back to my hometown last summer. 5） The government has passed the laws to stop cutting trees in this area.
6）The students of our department will put on an English Movie Mimicking Show next month. 7）The spokesman said they would give refugees food and clothing. 8）You must hand in your composition tomorrow. 7.Modal auxiliaries (情态动词)
i.can / could and be able to used to express ?ability‘ ii. have to expressing ?obligation‘
iii. can /may used to express ?permission‘ or ?request for permission‘ iv. had better expressing ?advice‘ or ?suggestion‘ 8.
直接引语和间接引语
说话人一字不差地直接引述别人的话，叫做直接引语；说话人用自己的话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。引语在句中实际上就是宾语或宾语从句。引述或转述要由动词来担任，叫做引述动词，常见的引述动词有：say, tell, ask, think, write等. 1 )直接引语为陈述句的间接引语
⑴ 直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语由that引导，that在say后可以省略。同时引语时态一般与引述动词
保持一致。如引述动词为一般现在时或一般将来时，间接引语的时态不变。 He said to me, ―I like all kinds of birds.‖ He will say, ―I have watered the flowers.‖
⑵ 直接引语变为间接引语时，除了时态改变以外，人称、时间状语、某些指示代词、物主代词等也要作相应的改变。
2 )直接引语为疑问句的间接引语
直接引语为疑问句变为间接引语时，原来的倒装语序变为自然语序。原为特殊疑问句要变为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句，原为一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句等变为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。
He asked me, ―Where do you come from?‖→ He asked me where I came from.
They asked me, ―Do you go home by bus or on foot?‖ → They asked me whether I went home by bus or on foot Father asked him, ―You don‘t have much work to do, do you?‖ → Father asked him if he had much work to do 3) 直接引语为祈使句的间接引语
直接引语为祈使句变为间接引语时，间接引语通常变为不定式短语，在句中充当宾语补足语。引述动词said to sb改为asked / told sb (to do sth)。
The teacher said to me, ―Come earlier tomorrow, please.‖ → The teacher asked me to come / go earlier the next day The policeman said, ―Don‘t play in the street, boys!‖ → The policeman told the boys not to play in the street. 9．由when, before, since, until等引导的时间状语从句 When从句表示某时刻或一段时间
When he entered the living room, I was watching TV. As从句表示进展的过程
As he grew older, he became more intelligent. While从句表示一段时间
While I was in New York, I studied music.
1) You‘ll see John when you go to Beijing next week.
―when‖ is used to introduce time adverbial, and a simple present is used to show future action. It‘s true in time adverbial clauses which introduced by ―as, after, before, as soon as, until‖ 2) I‘ve been playing the piano since I was a child.
have been doing sth.--- the present prefect progressive. This tense emphasizes the continuousness of the action. 现在完成进行时，强调动作的持续性,表示从过去某段时间以来开始进行的某个动作，延续到说话时，有
可能还要进行下去。有可能还要进行下去。
Tom has been missing from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. For sometime now, world leaders have been pointing out the necessity to fight against terrorism. Since引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时，表示―在…以后的一段时间里‖ He has been an writer since 1979.
We were been friends since we were in primary school. 3) He won‘t arrive until four, and I‘ll wait until he arrives.
The first ―until‖ is a preposition, and the second one is conjunction used to introduce time adverbial clause.第一个until是介词，第二个是连词，引导时间状语从句。肯定句中可翻译为―直到…为止‖，否定句则为―直到…才‖.
We dance and sing until dawn.
It was not until yesterday did I realize my fault. 10．>> 非限定（non-finite）动词（非谓语动词）
英语动词有限定（finite）和非限定（non-finite）两类。
i. 限定动词：句子中的谓语动词（predicative verb）是限定的；限定动词受人称（person）和数目（number）的限制。此外，还有时态（tense ）、语态（voice）和情态（mood）等。E.g. ① Good leaders serve the people whole-heartedly.
② Jason is giving a public lecture. ③ Who did it?
④ I would appreciate it if you could do me a favour.
ii.非限定动词: 在句子中可以施展其他功能的动词；这些动词具有一般动词的许多特性，但没有―人称‖和―数目‖的限制。 iii.非限定动词的种类：
不定式动词（the infinitive）; 分词（ the present & past participle现在分词 & 过去分词）; 动名词（the gerund）。 E.g.
⑤ Tom found the prescribed text hard to read. 不定式⑥ Helen has a smiling face. 现在分词 ⑦ Your written English is good. 过去分词 ⑧ Smoking is harmful to health. 动名词 iv. 非限定动词的作用： 1）当主语
不定式动词和动名词都可当句子的主语，取代名词和代词。E.g. To swim in a warm day is joyful. Swimming makes us hale and hearty. (精神充沛，老当益壮) 2）当补足语 可当主语的句子成分也可当补足语。
E.g. A good government?s desire is serving the people.
What is difficult is to fool the public indefinitely.
同样的，现在分词与过去分词也可充当系动词（the linking verb）的补足语。 E.g. The witness's evidence is quite convincing. At long last, John was fully convinced. 3) 当宾语
不定式动词和动名词都可充当及物动词的宾语。 E.g. The baby wanted to drink milk. Janet suddenly stopped talking.
它们也可以成为介词的宾语，但除了―except, but, about, than‖之外，介词的宾语多数是动名词。 E.g. I am tired of repeating the same point.
Most of us desired nothing except to succeed. Betty did nothing useful but talk. That weak old man is about to die. 4) 当名词修饰语
E.g. Don?t disturb the sleeping dog.（现在分词） Can you remove the damaged machine?（过去分词） That is the only thing to do.（不定式动词） The sailors came in a fishing boat.（动名词）
5) 当动词修饰语
E.g. Walking along the road, he came across a friend. （现在分词短语）
Extremely frightened, the picnickers fled. （过去分词短语）
The athlete stopped to take a rest? （不定式动词短语） Peter came running.（动名词) 11.
定语从句 (attributive clause)
定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 i. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词
1）关系代词： that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等； 2）关系副词有 where, when, why 等 。
3）3 个作用：a. 引导定语从句; b. 代替先行词; c. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。 ii. 关系代词引导的定语从句 1) who 指人，在从句中做主语
E.g. The boys who are playing football are from Class One.