Swimming makes us hale and hearty. (精神充沛，老当益壮)
2）当补足语 可当主语的句子成分也可当补足语。
E.g. A good government?s desire is serving the people. What is difficult is to fool the public indefinitely.
同样的，现在分词与过去分词也可充当系动词（the linking verb）的补足语。 E.g. The witness's evidence is quite convincing. At long last, John was fully convinced. 3) 当宾语
不定式动词和动名词都可充当及物动词的宾语。 E.g. The baby wanted to drink milk. Janet suddenly stopped talking.
它们也可以成为介词的宾语，但除了―except, but, about, than‖之外，介词的宾语多数是动名词。 E.g. I am tired of repeating the same point.
Most of us desired nothing except to succeed. Betty did nothing useful but talk. That weak old man is about to die. 4) 当名词修饰语
E.g. Don?t disturb the sleeping dog.（现在分词） Can you remove the damaged machine?（过去分词） That is the only thing to do.（不定式动词） The sailors came in a fishing boat.（动名词）
5) 当动词修饰语
E.g. Walking along the road, he came across a friend. （现在分词短语）
Extremely frightened, the picnickers fled. （过去分词短语）
The athlete stopped to take a rest? （不定式动词短语） Peter came running.（动名词) 16.
定语从句 (attributive clause)
定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
i. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词
1）关系代词： that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等； 2）关系副词有 where, when, why 等 。
3）3 个作用：a. 引导定语从句; b. 代替先行词; c. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。 ii. 关系代词引导的定语从句
1) who 指人，在从句中做主语
E.g. The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2) whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略.
E.g. Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom )I want to see.
注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。 E.g. The man( who/whom) you met just now is my friend. 3) which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略. E.g. Football is a game which is liked by most boys. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4) that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 .
E.g. The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? 5) whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语. E.g. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose 指物时，常用―名词 + of which ‖结构来代替
E.g. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. iii. 介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词 + 关系代词（只用 whom /which）引导. E.g. Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1) 一些固定短语不能拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of，care for, see to 等. E.g. This is the watch （which /that）I am looking for. This is the watch for which I am looking.
2) 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用 which，不能用 that，且不能省；关系代词是所有格时用 whose. E.g. The man with whom you talked is my friend. The man (who/that) you talked with is my friend.
3) ―介词+关系代词‖前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词. E.g. He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. iv. 关系副词引导的定语从句
1) when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
E.g. I still remember the day when I first came to the school. The time when we got together finally came. 2) where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 . E.g. Shanghai is the city where I was born .
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down . 3) why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语, 引导词为 reason. E.g. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. v. 注意以下几种必须用that引导的定语从句：
1)先行词是不定代词：all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything. 等。例： All that we have to do is to practice every day. Is there anything that you want to buy in town? 2 ) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰。例： The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. Dick is the most clever student that I have ever known. 3) 先行词被all, any every, few, little, no, some等修饰。例： I have read all the books that you gave me.
4) 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰。例： He is the only person that Edison want to talk to. 5) 先行词既有人又有物时。例：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 17.
条件句可分为真实（real）和非真实（unreal）两种
i.真实条件句 I 型
1) If you heat ice, it melts. 表普遍真理和客观事实 2) If I make a promise, I keep it. 表示现在习惯动作。 3) If it rained, I went to work by car. 表过去习惯动作 ii.真实条件句 II 型 1) 基本形式
If we catch the 10 o‘clock train, we shall (will, can, may) get there by lunch-time. If it is fine tomorrow, we can have a picnic somewhere. If you wake up before me, give me a call. 2) 变体形式
If it should rain again, the flowers will bloom.
If he should fail to come, ask Philip to work in his place.
iii.不管人称与数，一律使用should＋不定式表示一种不太肯定的婉转口气，并不影响条件的真实性。 非真实条件句 I 型 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should( would etc.) +动词原形
1) If we caught the 10 o‘clock train, we would (could, might) get there by lunch-time. (可能性不大) 2) If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do. (与现在事实相反) 非真实条件句 I 型表示对将来的假想 句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should (would etc.)+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式, should(would etc.) + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形
1) If we were to miss the 10 o‘clock train, we wouldn‘t get there till after lunch. 2) If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 非真实条件句 II型表示于过去事实相反的假设。 句型： 条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should(would etc.) have+ 过去分词
1) If we had caught the 10 o‘clock train, we would have got there by lunch-time. 2) We would / could / might have called you if we had known your telephone number.
Language points
UNIT1
1. on holiday
2.take part in a chess tournament
3. tournament n. 比赛；竞赛；锦标赛. (相关词汇有：contest, game, play, sport, tourney, etc.) e.g.They were defeated in the first round of the tournament.
They‘ve got through to the finals of the tournament.
4. to play chess
5. to do work on the computer
6. shadowboxing (太极拳) Chinese swordplay (中国剑术) 7. 缩略词
VCD Video Compact Disk CPC Communist Party of China WTO World Trade Organization. WHO World Health Organization
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement MFN most-favored-nation treatment
8. You know what? – This question is used to introduce a piece of information which is surprising. A similar expression is Guess what? 9. Mount Tai
Mount 的缩略形式为Mt.，都放在山名前。 e.g. Mt. Qomolangma /gu:mulanma/
（珠穆朗玛峰）
10. scenic spots – places of natural attractive scenery
11. I was greatly impressed by its natural beauty. – I was moved by its beautiful scenery. 1). impress – to influence deeply, esp. with a feeling of admiration e.g. The students were impressed by his inspiring speech.
He tried knowledge of wine to impress me with his extensive knowledge of wine
2). impress sth. on/upon sb.: to make the importance of sth. clear to sb.使意识到（重要性或严重性等） e.g. My father impressed the value of hard work on me. Impress on the young people that pride goes before a fall. 3). impressive adj. impression n. e.g. He gave a very impressive talk. The book made a deep impression on him. 12. historic: notable or memorable in history e.g. a historic spot / event / speech历史性的 historical: belong to history
e.g. historical events / people/ novel历史上的
13. study tour 考察旅行 local community committee 地方委员会
14. I bet--- This is an informal expression for ―I‘m certain…‖
e.g. I bet it will be fine tomorrow.