3.2.1.5 严重横倾：如果船舶意外地发生严重横损，可能是由于船壳破损，两舱同时的舱壁破损，不正确的货物装卸，驳油压载作业及机舱进水自由液面影响等，应立即采取以下措施；
Excessive list : If excessive list occurs rapidly and unexpectedly it may be due to failure of the hull plating , failure of an internal bulkhead between compartments , incorrect loading or unloading of cargo , shift of cargo , ballasting operations and flooding of the engine room , free surface influence , ect , measures should be implemented immediately.
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停止有关作业；
Stop operations concerned. 2
发出应急警报，集合全体船员；
Sound the emergency alarm and initiate emergency response procedures. 3
如在航行中，则应调整航向航速，使船舶顶风航行，尽量减少横摇角度； If on sailing , should adjust course and speed , make the sailing against wind , and do the best to decrease angle of horizontal shake; 4
关闭一切水密门，窗和甲板开口，防止上浪时水加剧横倾；
Close all watertight doors, windows and deck opens, prevent aggravating list by flooding and wave. 5
机舱应尽力保证主副机，舵机等设备，处于绝对安全和良好的技术状态； Do the best to ensure the main engine, auxiliary engine , steering gear , ect . in good condition. 6
尽速查明引起船舶严重横倾的原因（船壳破损进水，舱内货物移动，船体一侧座底等），针对查出的原因，采取适当的纠偏措施扶正船舶；
Ascertain the reason of excessive list as quickly as possible (i.e.: flooding from failure of the hull plating , shift of cargo in tanks , grounding at one side of ship’s bottom , etc),take corrective action to rectify the situation; 7
采用压水扶正船身的方法，应考虑到自由液面对稳性的影响，不能几个舱同时压；可选择高眩侧双层底舱，先压前后两端的小舱，后压中部大舱；高舷侧双层底舱压满后如船身仍未扶正，可打出低舷侧双层底舱中的压载水（一般不宜将低舷侧
双层底舱中的水直接移入高舷侧双层底，特别是在船体稳性欠佳时）。
If the measures were taken for rectifying the vessel by ballasting water, it should be consider the impact of free surface on stability , can not ballast water into several tanks at the same time ; may select the double bottom tank at higher side of the vessel , ballast water first into small tanks at two ends of the vessel , then ballast water into large tank at the middle of the vessel ; if the vessel can not be rectified when the double bottom tanks of higher side have been filling of water it can discharge ballast water from double bottom tanks of lower side of the vessel (generally, it can not transfer water directly , from double bottom tanks of lower side to ones of higher side , specially when the stability of vessel is not in good condition) 8
如发现本船有油外溢，应迅速查明溢油源，采取有关控制排放措施；
If the oil spillage were found spreading from the vessel , it should be find out source of oil spill quickly , try to transfer of fuel oil from damaged to intact tanks , and take actions for controlling discharge immediately. 9
如果溢油量较大，仅由本船船员组织反应难以获得理想效果，应通过代理联系当地清洁队伍予以协助；
If the amount of oil spilled is larger , it is difficult to achieve good results only responses by ship’s personnel , should coordinate shore side clean-up team by means of agent;
一份拟采取措施的检查表，见表10。
A check list that action to be taken identified in Table 10.
表 10 严重横倾 TABLE 10 Excessive list
拟采取的措施 Action to be taken 报告事故（内部） Report casualty (internal) 向船员和附近其它船舶报警 Alert vessel’s crew and other vessel’s in vicinity 实施应急反应程序 Implement emergency response procedures 着手向公司和代理报告 Initiate required agency and company notmcations 调整船舶航向和航速 Altering course and sailing speed 测量所有舱室，了解是否进水 Take soundings of all tanks, find out if or not the water flowing in 关闭一切水密门 Close all watertight doors 查明船舶严重横倾的原因 Ascertain the cause of excessive list 采取适当的纠偏，扶正措施 Take measures to straighten vessel up and correction error leak , etc. 着手溢油的清除和实施围控 Initiate oil spill removal & verify containment 决定是否需要上岸救助支援 Decide whether or not needing shore side salvage assistance
船长 Master 轮机长 Chief engineer 大副 Chief officer 值班人员 Crew On duty 代理 Agent 参考 Ref * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3.2.2 除了上述检查表和人员职责布置外，本节还向船长提供有关优先措施、稳心、应力影响及减载等方面指导。
In addition to the checklists and personnel duty assignments mentioned above , this section also provide the master with guidance concerning priority actions , stability and , stress considerations, and lightening . 3．2．2．1 优先措施： Priority action;
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对于事故的反应，船长优先考虑的是保证船舶和人员的安全，并采取措施，以防止事故升级。在发生溢油的海损事故中，应即刻考虑防止火灾和爆炸的针对性措施，例如改变航向，使船舶位于浮油的上风，关闭不必要的进风口等。如果船舶因搁浅而不能操纵，应消除所有可能的火源，并采取措施防止易燃气体进入居住舱室和机舱处所。当船舶可以操作时，船长应协同相应的岸上机构设法把船舶移泊至较合适的位置，以便于能够进行应急修理或减载作业，或有利于减小对任何特别敏感的海岸区域构成威胁（这种操作可能要受沿海国管辖）。 In responding to a casualty , the master’s priority will be to ensure the safety of
personnel and the ship and to take action to prevent escalation of the incident, in casualties involving spills , immediate consideration should be given to measures aimed at preventing fire and explosion, such as altering course so that the ship is upwind of the slick , shutting down non-essential air intakes , ect , If the ship is aground , and cannot therefore maneuver , all possible sources of ignition should be eliminated and action taken to prevent flammable vapors entering accommodation and engine –room spaces , when it is possible to maneuver , the master , in conjunction with the appropriate shore authorities ,may consider moving his ship to a more suitable location in order , for example, to facility emergency repair work or lightning operations , or to reduce the threat posed to any particularly sensitive shoreline area , such maneuvering may be subject to coastal State jurisdiction. 2
船舶在考虑采取补救措施前，必须得到该船遭受损坏进行直观检查。油舱膨胀余位探测孔栓塞和观测口不得任意开启，对此必须予以重视，尤其在船舶搁浅
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3.2.2.2 时，由此会使浮力受到损失。
Prior to considering remedial action , the master will need to obtain detailed information on the damage sustained by his ship ,visual inspection should be carried out and all cargo tanks , bunker tanks , and other compartments sounded , Due regard should be paid to the indiscriminate opening of allege plugs or sighting ports, especially when the ship is aground , as loss of buoyancy could result. 经评估船舶遭受损坏的状况，船长将能决定采取何种措施，以防止或减少进一步的溢油。当船底受损时，船舶将很快达到静水平衡，尤其是当损坏严重时，在这种情况下，可用于采取防范措施的时间往往是有限的。当油舱部位的有效舱壁受损时，燃油将直接迅速地泄放，直至达到静水平衡，随着油下部不断将油置换的进水速度的下降，油的泄放速度也逐渐趋向缓和溢油逐步得到控制。当损坏的程度和范围有限时，比如仅有一个或两个油舱受损。可以考虑船内的转驳，将破损舱内的燃油驳至完好的燃油舱。
Having assessed the damage sustained by the ship, the master will be in a position to decide what action should be taken to prevent or minimize further spillage , when bottom damage is sustained ,hydrostatic balance will be achieved fairly rapidly , especially if the damage is the sever , in which case she time available for preventive action will often be limited , when significant side is sustained in the way of oil tanks , cargo or bunkers will be released fairly rapidly until hydrostatic balance is achieved and the rate of release will then reduce and be governed by the rate at which oil is displaced by water flowing in under the oil ,when the damage is fairly limited and restricted ,for example , to one or two compartments. Consideration may be given to transferring oil internally from damaged to intake tanks.
稳性和应力影响：在对海损事故作出反应，采取措施以减缓溢油或使船舶脱浅
时，应特别谨慎地考虑船体的稳性和应力。只有在充分考虑到船舶整体应力和稳性后，才能进行船内的转驳。如果船舶遭受极其严重的损坏，船内的转驳对应力影响也许是无法估算的。为了评估破舱稳性和受损的纵向强度，必须与公