考试复习
homogeneous-slow to change
emphasis on the sense of group solidarity holds the community together
(2) Urban Society (“Great Tradition”)
organic solidarity, achieved statuses
large scale, not isolated
Heterogeneous
dominant - arrangements holding people together result from mutual usefulness or coercion (law)
第七章
3、 Suburbanites are seen as “normal families” living in neat single-family houses.
Suburbanites manifest certain significant differences from their urban counterparts.
Life-style; tendency; incomes; attitudes et al
There is no single suburban life-style.
The suburbs are increasingly heterogeneous. The is great diversity in the specific life-styles dominant in individual suburbs.
Characteristics of Working-Class Suburbanites
第八章
2、Explain Merton’s theory of and its critiques.
Anomie occurs “when there is an acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals, and the socially structured capacities of members of the group who act in accord with them” (from Social Theory and Social Structure, 1968) ... anomie is discontinuity between cultural goals and the legitimate means for achieving them.....leads to deviance
The five ways in which people can respond to the social situation：
acceptance 接受 (conformity)
ritualism 形式主义
retreatism 退缩
rebellion 反叛
innovation 变换手法
Deviant behavior will occur most frequently in groups that are most systematically excluded from the reward structure.
Criticism of Merton’s Anomie Hypotheses
（1）It is unlikely that any one dominant set of value exists. Contemporary urban society is typified by normative and value diversification and cultural pluralism.
（2）Delinquent behaviors occur with almost equal frequency among all social classes. It is the type of crime—and not the incidence—that varies by class.
（3）Most acts labeled as “deviant” are actually group-oriented activities.
（4）The anomie thesis is seen as ignoring the roles of the individual actor as a member of many