考试复习
primary group.
第九章
2、(Meaning and process of urban renewal ).
Urban renewal refers to process or program through which deteriorated neighborhoods are upgraded through clearance and redevelopment (building, infrastructure, and public amenities).
Urban renewal had a very modest success.
The damage done by urban renewal seems to greatly outweigh its successes
Herbert J. Gans：
(1) Relocation is often ruthlessly handled, poor people s economic and cultural deprivation are magnified.
(2) Neighborhood are destroyed, since the relocation was based on individual family and large cohesive areas were cleared all at once.
(3) The supply of cheap housing decreases, only about one sixth the number of homes were built as were destroyed.
(4) Benefits for the poor are also slow in coming, business has tended to make a great deal of profit at the expense of the poor.
David Caputo：
The unanticipated consequences of urban planning are ignored by government.
Scott Greer:
(1) Urban Renewal ignores the fact of changing urban ecological structure.
(2) It is difficult for effective large-scale planning on the base of existing political subdivision within urban areas.
(3) Slum clearance merely accentuates the lack of cheap housing.
3、国家征地权 In the US, the right of the government to get property of the land by condemnation for public or quasi-public use, provided that the owner is fairly compensated.
4、.
Zoning usually consists of rules and regulations that govern land-use within areas of the city, density of land-use, and the quality of structures. One of the oldest and most widely applied by urban planners.
a. Zoning first developed as a means of controlling neighborhood and to promote public health and welfare.
b. Zoning is also one of the major tools through which planners attempt to create a rational ordered distribution of land-use functions within an urban area.
Four categories of zoning:
(1) residential district (single family and multiple family