where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.
光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。
Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.
运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。
Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).
细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。
A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.
溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。
Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.
线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。
There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma.
质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。
The Cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）
All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile protein actin. They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells. Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape. Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.
所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。