chromosome 染色体
A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two
telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus organizer. RNA proteins are invariably associated with the chromosome.
nucleoid 拟核，类核，核质体
The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but not membrane bounded.
nucleoli 核仁( 单数nucleolus)
Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the infon-nation for their construction.
nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜
A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleus.
ribosome 核糖体
Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids.
polysome 多核糖体
Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger RNA molecule,one after the other.
endoplasmic reticulum 内质网
Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place.
Golgi complex 高尔基复合体
A stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells.
vacuole 液泡
Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surrounding membrane.
phagocytosis 吞噬作用
The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it.
pinocytosis 胞饮作用
The process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in water
lysosome 溶酶体
A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes.
mitochondrion 线粒体(复数 mitochondria )A membranous organelle resembling a small bag with a larger bag resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration.
plastid 质体
An organelle present in all plants except bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes (the envelope) and has various functions
chloroplast 叶绿体
A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria blue-green algae.
stroma 基质，子座（复数 stromata）
Region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.
microfilament 微丝，纤丝
Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement.
actin 肌动蛋白
A globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction.