government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called ―Chunnel‖, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.
9.“pea soup” fogs伦敦雾
the famous ―pea soup‖ fogs were thick heavy yellow fogs of London and other cities seldom occur any more. 厚的\\重的\\黄色的雾气
10.British isles
The British Isles is made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.
11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵
It is a circular group of large standing stones on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important monuments纪念碑 of its kind in Europe, and very popular with visitors.
12.Thomas becket:托马斯
he was English churchman and statesman. he became Chancellor of England under Henry II in 1155.he was appointed Archibishop
ofCanterbury in 1162.
13.Geoffrey Chaucer
He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb坟墓. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the ―Father of English Poetry‖.
14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德
she was a national heroine of France during the hundred year’s war,she successfully led the france to drive the English out of france.
15.lollards:罗拉德派
they were poor priests and traveling preachers who were john wyclif’s followers.they played an important role in the mental preparations for the peasant uprising of 1381.they preaching the equality of men before god.
16.The Puritans清教徒
The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious
persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.
17.Julius Caesar
He was a great Roman general.In 55BC and 54BC,he invaded Britain twice.Because of the resistence of the British people,he withdrew with hostages and prisoners.That's the beginning of the Roman invasion. 带着人质和俘虏撤退。
18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城
It was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.
由罗马人修建，把皮克特人挡在已征服的地区之外。
19.Heptarchy七王国
During the Anglo-Saxon's time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East
Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They were given the name of Heptarchy.
20.St.Augustine
In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert the English People to Christianity.He was very successful in converting the king and the nobility.He was the first archbishop of Canterbury.
教皇，格里高力一世派圣奥古斯丁到英格兰去使英格兰人皈依基督教。
21.Witan 贤人会议
Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king.It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as \father of the British navy\making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools. All this earned him the title \
23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king
Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England. 建立了封建制度
24.The battle of Hastings
In 1066,King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14,the two armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest. 哈罗德被威廉击败。
25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区
By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital was Winchester. Alfred, King of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.The Danes gained control of the north and east of England(-\would rule the rest.
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。
26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册
It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.
28.The Black Death黑死病
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without
warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.
29.the divine rights of kings
君权
神授
the theory that a king rules with the authority of god.
30.The Wars
of Roses玫瑰战争
(考过)
the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队
the fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of spain in 1588.
32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by
his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and
appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual
celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
盟
an international organization of 1920—1946 set up after the first world war to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security.
34. The Black Death黑死病
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.
35.rotten boroughs衰败选区
a parliamentary constituency which possessed the right to elect members of parliament even though its population had dwindled or was nonexistent.
议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。
36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。
british suffragette,she founded the women’s social and political union,she died a month before women gained full voting equality with men.
37.the league of nations国际联
38.the blitz闪电战
an air attack,particularly the London blitz of 1940—1941.the world is from the german ―blitzkrieg‖
39.the beatles甲克虫乐队
one of britain’s most influential pop groups,first performing in 1959 in Liverpool.
40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义
The
election
of
1979
returned
the
Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.
包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的