作用，强调法律与秩序。
41.balance of payments收支平衡
it is the difference between the money from exports and the cost of imports.
42.john Maynard Keynes
he was an influential british economist.Keynes maintained that governments should use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy. 用财政使经济稳定.
43.visible trade and invisible trade
visible trade is trade of goods such as machines while invisible trade is trade of services such as banking and tourism.
44.European union欧盟
EC stands for European community .EC is now called European union(EU).it is an organization of 15 western European countries that
promotes
cooperation
among
its
members.
45.Monetarist policies(货币主义
政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.
增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。一方面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方面，增加利率减少货币支出。
46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法
It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action. 使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二至。
47.Agribusiness农业产业
The
new
farming
has
been
called
―agribusiness‖, because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set
of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm
48.British disease英国病
The term ―British disease‖ is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.
49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制
It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.
50.Privy Council枢密院
A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the
Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.
51.Common law公共法
the traditional unwritten law of England,based on custom and the decisions of judges over a period of years rather than on written laws passed by parliament.
英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。
52.the state opening of
parliament
the official opening of a new session of parliament,usually at the end of October or beginning of November,or after a general election.
53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)
an
annual
allowance,approved
by
parliament,made to the sovereign and members of the royal family for the expense involved in carrying out their public duties.
议会每年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。
A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge. 54.the civil service公务员(考过)
the body of state officials that help s the government.
55.life peer终身贵族
a person who is given a peerage贵族地位 that is not handed of to his or her descendants,usually as a reward for public service.
56.acquittal无罪裁决
acquittal broadly means that the individual is released or discharged without any further prosecution for the same act or transaction. 是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。
57.cross-examination
the questioning of a witness,by a party or lawyer other than the one who called the witness,concerning matters about which the witness
has
testified
during
direct
examination.
58.The Crown Court刑事法庭
59.probation缓刑
a scheme whereby a criminal offender is placed under the supervision of a probation officer for a period of between six months(12months in scotland) and three years. 6个月到三年之间。
60.capital punishment死刑
the execution of a criminal by hanging.capital punishment also known as the death penalty.
61.the metropolitan police force
the police force responsible for London,with its headquarters at new Scotland yard.
62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度
It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside.
It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.
63.national insurance 社会保险
the sum levied on all working people by the state as an insurance against sickness and unemployment.
64.general practitioner(GP)
a doctor who is not a specialist but who has a medical practice in which he treats all illness.
65.social worker
a person employed by a local authority or a voluntary organization to give practical aid and advice to people in need.
66.the salvation army
a world-wide Christian organization founded by William booth,in1865.it giving practical aid and spiritual comfort to the poor and needy.救世军。
67.Comprehensive schools
Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a
wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.
68.Reuters 路透社是世界前三大的
多媒体新闻通讯社，提供各类新闻和金融数据，在128个国家运行。路透提供新闻报导给报刊、电视台等各式媒体，并向来以迅速、准确享誉国际。另一方面，路透提供工具和平台，例如股价和外币汇率，让交易员可以分析金融数据和管理交易风险；同时路透的系统让客户可以经由因特网完成买卖，取代电话或是纽约证券交易所的买卖大厅等人工交易方式，它的电子交易服务串连了金融社群。路透社是最早的通讯社，也是目前英国最大的通讯社和西方四大通讯社之一。 It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers.
69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校
they are state schools outside local education authority control.there are no tuition fees at these schools.由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。
70.eleven-plus
an examination formerly used to select school pupils at about,the age of 11 for an appropriate good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God. secondary education.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。
71.BBC
the british broadcasting corporation,the UK organization responsible for making an transmitting of its own television and radio programs.
72.Rupert murdoch
australian-born us newspaper publisher.he became a us citizen in 1985.
73.the british museum
the national museum of archaeology and ethnography in Bloomsbury ,London.考古学和人种学。
74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day
The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a
Ireland(爱尔兰)
1、peace agreement on northern ireland
2、republic of Ireland—the republc of ireland is an independent country situated in western Europe.it occupies four-fifths of the island of Ireland.its capital is Dublin.the republic of Ireland is also known as Eire in Irish.
3、Irish Catholicism—ireland is one of the most catholic countries of Europe.Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influnce on national
life.today
93.1%of
the
irish
population are Roman Catholics.about half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.爱尔兰裔。
4、Easter urprising of 1916—the easter urprising took place in April 1916.a group of nationalists seized the Dublin general post office and declared the independence of Ireland.after a week of fighting,the rebellion was suppressed by the british army and most of its leader executed.