5、Anglo-irish treaty—from 1918—1921 there was fighting between the irish republican army and the british government.in 1921 the british signed the Anglo-irish treaty.the british government agreed to organize a partition of ireland.the southern part of ireland gain th century writing.
9、Irish or irish gaelic---it is a celtic language.
10、Ulysses is James Joyce’s masterpiece. 杰作The novel describes the events of one day dominion status as the irish free state,while the northern part would remain a part of the United kingdom.
6、Fianna fail----it is the largest political party in
Ireland.its
historicprinciples
are
neutrality,promotion of Gaelic and strong support for a united ireland.its new economic polices include support for the EC,a high lever of public expenditure to reduce unemployment and full employment.
7、Fine Gael----one of the two major parties in ireland.it changed its image from a conservative party to a socially progressive party since the 1960s.it advocates a program of expanded social services,but is less in favour of promoting Gaelic than fianna fail is.
8、James Joyce----the most well –known irish writer of the 20 th century.his main works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man and Ulysses.his innovations in language and style have deeply influenced 20
in the lives of several people in Dublin and explores their sub-conscious minds.小说描述了都柏林的几个人在一天里的事情，探索了他们的潜意识思想。
11、Irish Famine---Irish Famine refers to the widespread starvation of Irish peasantry which followed the effects of potato crop failure in the mid-19th century. It was one of the reasons that Ireland suffered a lot of the loss of population.
12、Irish Republican Army (IRA)---The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is an anti-British military force established in the early 20th century. Since the Irish Civil War, IRA has remained a force to be reckoned with对付 in Irish politics. In recent decades IRA continues to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six countries that from Northern Ireland.
美国部分
1.Amerigo
Vespucci---Amerigo
Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land protestants.
5.baby boom--baby boom refers to the
higher birth rate between 1946 and 1964.
6.the great lakes---the great lakes are
was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.
2.the Mississippi---the mississippi has
been called \of waters\or \man river\mississippi and its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world.it is the most important river in the world. 它与它的支流流经世界上最富饶的农业区之一。
3.Hispanics---it
stands
for
the
spanish-speaking population of the united states.these people mainly center in new mexico,california and texas.there are three major hispanic groups historically having the great influence on the us.they are chicanos,the
puerto
ricans
and
the
cuban-americans.
4.WASPS---WASPS are the mainstream
americans,refering to the white Anglo-saxon
the most important lakes in the united states.they
are
lake
superior,lake
michigan,lake huron,lake Eire and lake ontario.
7.Ellis island---Ellis island was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890 and at the turn of the century.
8.\great compromise\
great compromise\
an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state's population.
\大妥协\即参议院中各州有相同的选举权,而众议院代表应按各洲人口比例产生.
9.the Emancipation
Proclamation---during
the
civil
war,lincoln
issued
the
Emancipation
Proclamation to get more support for the union at home and abroad.It granted freedom
to all slaves.
解放宣言,由林肯颁布,为了得到国内外对联邦的支持.解放宣言给了所有奴隶以自由.
1773,when ships of tea reached boston and the governor was determind to see that tea was legally protected in its distribution,several dozen boston residents dressed as indians
10.no taxtation without
boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor.this came to be
representation---that
is ,without their
representatives
taking
part
in
decisionmaking,they had no obligation to pay taxes.
没有代表权不交税，就是说他们如果对殖民地的事务决策没有代表权，他们将没有义务缴纳税金。
11.the Chinese Exclution Act---it
was passed by the u.s congress in may1882,it stopped chinese immigration for ten years. 排华法案在1882年5月由美国国会通过，它10年内禁止中国移民入境。
12.Indentured servants---indenture
servants refer to some immigrants who has to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-atlantic fare and debts. 契约佣工，指一些移民必须要在一个限定的时期里为他们的雇主工作来偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。
13.boston tea party(考过)---in
known as the \
波士顿倾茶事件，1773年，当满载茶叶的船只到达波士顿时，总督大人决定看看，以确保茶叶卸载时得到合法保护，晚上，几个波士顿居民化装成印度人来到船上仍掉了价值75，000的茶叶。这就是著名的波士顿倾茶事件。
14.continental divide---it
is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the pacific ocean from those that flow into the atlantic.
那是一条难以想象的线，将流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流划分开来。
15.federalists---they
were those who
demanded a strong national system and who later struggle hard for the ratification of the consititution.
联邦制拥护者就是指那些要求建立坚固的国家体系，之后又为宪法的通过全力奋斗的人。
16.the gettysburg address---it refers
to the short speech president lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at gettysburg. He ended the speech with ―the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish死亡 from the 19.intolerant nationalism---that
is,not allowing views,oppinions or beliefs different from the main trend of views or beliefs.偏执国家主义,是不允许不同于主流的那些观点和信仰等存在.
earth‖.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在阵亡将士墓落成仪式上发表的一个简短的演说
17.the ku klux klan
teh kkk was the first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867.the kkk terrorized and attaked
not
only
blacks,but also
progressives,labor union
organizers
communist or socialist party members.三K党，最早成立在1866年，后在1867年重组，他们进行恐怖活动，不仅攻击黑人、而且还迫害进步人士、工会组织者、社会主义和共产主义党派成员。
18.muckrakers---muckrakers
were reform-minded journalists who made investigation and exposed the dark sides of the society.
黑幕揭发者,是指那些调查和揭露社会黑色的一面的富有改革思想的记者.
20.the red scare---the
red scare ,on
november 7,1919 and january 2,1920,the justice department lauched two waves of arrests,over 4,000 suspected radicals and communists were arrested. 红色恐惧，在1919年12月7日和1920年1月2日，司法部发动了两次抓捕活动，大约4000名被怀疑是激进分子和共产党的人被逮捕。
21.the progressive movement---the
progressive movement refers to the movement demanding the goverment regulation of the economy and social condition.
进步运动，指调整经济和社会状况的运动。
22.overload---at the first summit ,it was
decided that a large-scale attack on the south of
france
would
be
lauched
in
May,1944,which was codenamed overload.霸王行动，在第一次首脑会议上，决定在1944年5月向法国南部发动大面积进攻，代号为霸王行动。
23.The New Deal----In order to deal
with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.
24.the truman doctrine---that is,the
united states would support any country which said it was fighting with communism. 杜鲁门主义，是说美国将支持任何与共产主义做斗争的国家。
25.the marshall plan---that is,in order
to protect western europe from possible soviet expansion,the united states decided to offer western european countries ecomomic aid. 马歇尔计划，是为了保护西欧免遭苏联的扩张，美国决定提供西欧国家经济援助。
26.the smith act---it was passed by
congress,made it unlawful for any group to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of goverment in the united states.
史密斯法案,是由国会通过,宣布任何主张或传播暴力颠覆政府的组织为非法行为.
27.the civil rights act of 1964---it
outlawed discrimination not only in public housing,but also in employment on the basis of race,colour,religion,sex,or national orgin. 民权法案，宣布不仅在公共场所禁止种族歧视，而且在就业中所涉及的种族、肤色、宗教、性别、国籍等也禁止歧视。
28.the poverty line---it is based on the
income that households need to eat adequately without spending more than a third of their income on food.贫困线，是以一家人能够足够吃饱的收入不超过他们在食物三分之一的收入。
29.poverty---it
is the lack of enough
income and resources to live adquately by community standards.贫穷，在社会标准下缺乏足够的收入和来源去生存。
30.monopoly---that is ,one company or a
cooperationg group of companies controls the supply of a product or service for which there is no close substitute.垄断，指一个公司或公司合作组织，控制着一个不能被代替的生产和服务的供应。